Publications

Activation of naive Th lymphocytes by the TCR and the costimulatory molecule, CD28, is believed to provide competent signals for differentiation to effector cells. Such activated cells proliferated and expressed IL-2, but arrested in an immature state maintained by CTLA-4. Although unresponsive to restimulation by TCR/CD28 alone, restimulation with TCR/CD28 and either Stat4- or Stat6-mediated cytokine signals rescued cells to proliferate and differentiate to the appropriately matched canonical Th subsets. Addition of IL-4 at defined periods revealed that naive T cells were receptive to IL-4-mediated differentiation for up to 3 days after their initial priming. A Stat-dependent anergic checkpoint between clonal expansion and effector cell differentiation may defer the cytokine profile to be instructed at the site of infection, thus preventing the unregulated development of potentially damaging effector cells.