Robert Rushakoff, MD, MS

Professor of Clinical Medicine

Endocrinology and Metabolism

2019-22: Member of Endocrine Society Committee writing new guidelines on Management of inpatients with diabetes.

Some of my Projects:

Virtual Inpatient Glucose Management Service:
Developed and implemented a virtual service to monitor all inpatients who have diabetes (or high glucoses) and if glucoses are elevated, put notes in the chart to direct changes in management. This service has led to a >40% decrease in the number of patients with high glucose levels. As a result of our success, medical centers around the country and the world have successfully started similar services.

Automating insulin dosing for inpatients:
For patients who have diabetes (or high glucoses), and are not eating or receiving enteral feedings or total parenteral nutrition, we developed a program in the electronic medical record that automated the determination of the insulin dose based on previous insulin doses and glucose levels. The insulin does is then titrated to the individual patient's needs without the need to write any new insulin orders.

Education:
Starting back before 2000, I developed (and have updated) interactive online training for physicians, nurses and pharmacists on all aspects of how to manage inpatients with diabetes (or high glucoses).

Perioperative Glucose Management:
We developed an online program that allows physicians and nurses to determine what adjustments in any diabetes medication are needed for patients undergoing any procedure or having surgery.

Education
Fellowship, 1987 - Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Fellowship, 1986 - endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco
Residency, 1985 - Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
MD, 1982 - , Medical College of Wisconsin
MS, 1980 - Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin
AB, 1977 - Physiology, University of California, Berkeley
Websites
Publications

  1. Mehta PB, Kohn MA, Rov-Ikpah E, San Luis C, Johnson C, Lee G, Koliwad S, Rushakoff RJ. Novel Automated Self-adjusting Subcutaneous Insulin Algorithm Improves Glycemic Control and Physician Efficiency in Hospitalized Patients. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2024. PMID: 38454631


  2. Barmanray RD, Kyi M, Buising K, Rushakoff RJ, Fourlanos S. Changing risk with diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Internal medicine journal 2023. PMID: 37474464


  3. Salwa Zahalka, Robert J. Rushakoff, Cecilia C. Low Wang. Diabetes and Enteral Nutrition in the Hospital Setting. Diabetes Management in Hospitalized Patients 2023. PMID:


  4. Paras B. Mehta, Esther Rov-Ikpah, Robert J. Rushakoff. Evaluation and Management of Inpatient Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Management in Hospitalized Patients 2023. PMID:


  5. Moon Kyung Choi, Paras B. Mehta, Robert J. Rushakoff. Remote Glucose Management for Hospitalized Patients. Diabetes Management in Hospitalized Patients 2023. PMID:


  6. Paras Mehta, Michael Kohn, Esther Rov-Ikpah, Craig San Luis, Craig Johnson, Robert Rushakoff. ODP199 Full Implementation of Automated Self-Adjusting Subcutaneous Insulin Algorithm. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2022. PMID:


  7. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Donihi AC, Drincic AT, Hirsch IB, McDonnell ME, Murad MH, Nielsen C, Rushakoff RJ. Response to Letter to the Editor From Banerjee and Mondal: "Management of Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Adult Patients in Noncritical Care Settings: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022. PMID: 35962778


  8. Huang J, Yeung AM, Nguyen KT, Xu NY, Preiser JC, Rushakoff RJ, Seley JJ, Umpierrez GE, Wallia A, Drincic AT, Gianchandani R, Lansang MC, Masharani U, Mathioudakis N, Pasquel FJ, Schmidt S, Shah VN, Spanakis EK, Stuhr A, Treiber GM, Klonoff DC. Hospital Diabetes Meeting 2022. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2022. PMID: 35904143


  9. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, Donihi AC, Drincic AT, Hirsch IB, Luger A, McDonnell ME, Murad MH, Nielsen C, Pegg C, Rushakoff RJ, Santesso N, Umpierrez GE. Management of Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Adult Patients in Non-Critical Care Settings: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2022. PMID: 35690958


  10. Mehta PB, Robinson A, Burkhardt D, Rushakoff RJ. Inpatient Perioperative Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis Due to Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors - Lessons From a Case Series and Strategies to Decrease Incidence. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2022. PMID: 35753675


  11. Folick A, Cheng C, Chu SN, Rick JW, Rushakoff RJ. Discordant Timing of Hypoglycemic Agent Screening Causing Delayed Diagnosis of Sulfonylurea-Induced Hypoglycemia. TO REMOVE 2022. PMID: 35602882


  12. Kotwal A, Cheung YM, Cromwell G, Drincic A, Leblebjian H, Quandt Z, Rushakoff RJ, McDonnell ME. Patient-Centered Diabetes Care of Cancer Patients. TO REMOVE 2021. PMID: 34902069


  13. Lacy ME, Whitmer RA, Lee SJ, Rushakoff RJ, Pletcher MJ. Identifying Potential Intervention Points for Acute Hypoglycemic Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using Retrospective Clinical Data. Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association 2021. PMID: 34421207


  14. Mehta PB, Kohn MA, Koliwad SK, Rushakoff RJ. Lack of association between either outpatient or inpatient glycemic control and COVID-19 illness severity or mortality in patients with diabetes. BMJ open diabetes research & care 2021. PMID: 34059527


  15. Zoe Quandt, Paras Mehta, Katy Tsai, Victoria Hsiao, Robert Rushakoff. Case 20: Partial ß-Cell Destruction: An Atypical Case of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Diabetes. 2021. PMID:


  16. Paras Mehta, Zoe Quandt, Robert Rushakoff. Case 21: Checkpoint Inhibitor–Induced Diabetes. 2021. PMID:


  17. Galindo RJ, Umpierrez GE, Rushakoff RJ, Basu A, Lohnes S, Nichols JH, Spanakis EK, Espinoza J, Palermo NE, Awadjie DG, Bak L, Buckingham B, Cook CB, Freckmann G, Heinemann L, Hovorka R, Mathioudakis N, Newman T, O'Neal DN, Rickert M, Sacks DB, Seley JJ, Wallia A, Shang T, Zhang JY, Han J, Klonoff DC. Continuous Glucose Monitors and Automated Insulin Dosing Systems in the Hospital Consensus Guideline. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2020. PMID: 32985262


  18. Korytkowski M, Antinori-Lent K, Drincic A, Hirsch IB, McDonnell ME, Rushakoff R, Muniyappa R. A Pragmatic Approach to Inpatient Diabetes Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020. PMID: 32498085


  19. Mehta PB, Rushakoff RJ. A Diabetes and COVID-19 Dilemma: Balancing Parents' Health & Children's Education. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2020. PMID: 32795089


  20. Patzek S, MacMaster HW, Rov-Ikpah E, San Luis C, Johnson C, Juttukonda V, Rushakoff RJ. Automated Self-Adjusting Subcutaneous Insulin Algorithm for Patients NPO or on TPN or Enteral Feedings. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2020. PMID: 32783464


  21. Umpierrez G, Rushakoff R, Seley JJ, Zhang JY, Shang T, Han J, Spanakis EK, Alexanian S, Drincic A, Kulasa K, Mendez CE, Tanton D, Wallia A, Zilbermint M, Klonoff DC. Hospital Diabetes Meeting 2020. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2020. PMID: 32783456


  22. Pletcher MJ, Flaherman V, Najafi N, Patel S, Rushakoff RJ, Hoffman A, Robinson A, Cucina RJ, McCulloch CE, Gonzales R, Auerbach A. Randomized Controlled Trials of Electronic Health Record Interventions: Design, Conduct, and Reporting Considerations. Annals of internal medicine 2020. PMID: 32479183


  23. ROBERT J. RUSHAKOFF, ESTHER ROV-IKPAH, CRAIG SAN LUIS, CRAIG JOHNSON, SOPHIE PATZEK, VENKATESWARLU JUTTUKONDA, HEIDEMARIE W. MACMASTER. 1030-P: Self-Adjusting Subcutaneous Insulin Algorithm (SQIA) for Patients NPO or on TPN or Enteral Feedings. Diabetes 2020. PMID:


  24. Tran AV, Rushakoff RJ, Prasad P, Murray SG, Monash B, Macmaster H. Decreasing Hypoglycemia following Insulin Administration for Inpatient Hyperkalemia. Journal of hospital medicine 2020. PMID: 32202491


  25. Tran AV, Rushakoff RJ, Prasad P, Murray SG, Monash B, Macmaster H. Decreasing Hypoglycemia following Insulin Administration for Inpatient Hyperkalemia. Journal of hospital medicine 2020. PMID: 32039749


  26. Chiang JM, Lai AR, Anderson M, Rushakoff RJ. SEVERE INSULIN RESISTANCE WITH DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS AFTER BRENTUXIMAB TREATMENT. AACE Clinical Case Reports 2020. PMID: 32524020


  27. Rushakoff RJ, Wick EC, McDonnell ME. Response to: "Letter in Response to Soop et al". Annals of surgery 2019. PMID: 30672805


  28. ROBERT J. RUSHAKOFF,HEIDEMARIE W. MACMASTER. 2260-PUB: Inpatient Diabetes Patient Brochure: What You Need to Know while You Are in the Hospital. Diabetes 2019. PMID:


  29. Singh S, Rushakoff RJ, Neinstein AB. A Case Report of Diabetic Ketoacidosis With Combined Use of a Sodium Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitor and Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2019. PMID: 30931610


  30. Rushakoff RJ, Wick EC, McDonnell ME. Enhanced Recovery in Patients With Diabetes: Is it Time for a Moratorium on Use of Preoperative Carbohydrate Beverages? Annals of surgery 2019. PMID: 30048328


  31. Robert J. Rushakoff, Elizabeth C. Wick, Marie E. McDonnell. Response to. Annals of surgery 2019. PMID:


  32. MacMaster HW, Gonzalez S, Maruoka A, San Luis C, Stannard D, Rushakoff JA, Rushakoff RJ. Development and Implementation of a Subcutaneous Insulin Pen Label Bar Code Scanning Protocol to Prevent Wrong-Patient Insulin Pen Errors. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety 2018. PMID: 30266247


  33. Stamatouli AM, Quandt Z, Perdigoto AL, Clark PL, Kluger H, Weiss SA, Gettinger S, Sznol M, Young A, Rushakoff R, Lee J, Bluestone JA, Anderson M, Herold KC. Collateral Damage: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Induced With Checkpoint Inhibitors. Diabetes 2018. PMID: 29937434


  34. Rushakoff RJ, Macmaster HW. Improving Emergency Insulin Administration. JAMA 2018. PMID: 29801004


  35. HEIDEMARIE W. MACMASTER, ALLEN TRAN, BRADLEY MONASH, SARA G. MURRAY, PRIYA A. PRASAD, ROBERT J. RUSHAKOFF. Decreasing Incidence of Postinsulin Hypoglycemia for Hyperkalemia Treatment. Diabetes 2018. PMID:


  36. ROBERT J. RUSHAKOFF, JESSICA ZOOK, HEIDEMARIE W. MACMASTER. Documentation of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) Use in the Emergency Department (ED). Diabetes 2018. PMID:


  37. HEIDEMARIE W. MACMASTER, ANDREW MARUOKA, CRAIG SAN LUIS, SABINA GONZALEZ, ROBERT J. RUSHAKOFF. Inpatient Use of Insulin Pens—Eliminating Risk for Inappropriate Use of Pen on More than One Patient. Diabetes 2018. PMID:


  38. HEIDEMARIE W. MACMASTER, ISABEL FONG, ROBERT J. RUSHAKOFF. Making Sense of Rapid-Acting Insulin Patient Directions in the EMR. Diabetes 2018. PMID:


  39. Rushakoff RJ, Rushakoff JA, Kornberg Z, MacMaster HW, Shah AD. Remote Monitoring and Consultation of Inpatient Populations with Diabetes. Current diabetes reports 2017. PMID: 28726156


  40. Rushakoff JA, Kornberg Z, Shah AD, Rushakoff RJ. Virtual glucose management service: a novel resident educational tool. Medical education 2017. PMID: 28857226


  41. Wallia A, Umpierrez GE, Rushakoff RJ, Klonoff DC, Rubin DJ, Hill Golden S, Cook CB, Thompson B. Consensus Statement on Inpatient Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2017. PMID: 28429611


  42. Rushakoff RJ, Sullivan MM, MacMaster HW, Shah AD, Rajkomar A, Glidden DV, Kohn MA. Association Between a Virtual Glucose Management Service and Glycemic Control in Hospitalized Adult Patients: An Observational Study. Annals of internal medicine 2017. PMID: 28346946


  43. Kim TY, Woeber KA, MacMaster HW, Rushakoff RJ. Peripheral IV Insulin Infusion Infiltration Presenting as "Insulin Resistance". Critical care medicine 2016. PMID: 27513542


  44. Parekh J, Roll GR, Wisel S, Rushakoff RJ, Hirose R. Effect of moderately intense perioperative glucose control on renal allograft function: a pilot randomized controlled trial in renal transplantation. Clinical transplantation 2016. PMID: 27423055


  45. Nguyen CT, Seto A, Rushakoff R, MacMaster HW. Pharmacists' Impact on Glycemic Control Among Surgical Patients at a Large Academic Institution. Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association 2016. PMID: 27092021


  46. Shah AD, McHargue C, Yee J, Rushakoff RJ. INTRAVENOUS CONTRAST IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES ON METFORMIN: NEW COMMON SENSE GUIDELINES. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2016. PMID: 26789340


  47. Eileen Faulds, Robert Rushakoff, Umexh Masharani, Kathleen Dungan. 24: Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusions in the Inpatient Setting: A Guide to Management. 2016. PMID:


  48. Jane Jeffrie Seley, Michelle Magee, Robert Rushakoff. 28: Nursing Education. Managing Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in the Hospital Setting: A Clinician’s Guide 2016. PMID:


  49. Robert Rushakoff, Cecilia Low Wang, Jane Jeffrie Seley, Alicia Warnock. 29: Resident Education. Managing Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in the Hospital Setting: A Clinician’s Guide 2016. PMID:


  50. Robert J. Rushakoff, Heidemarie Windham MacMaster, Arti D. Shah. Hereditary Spherocytosis and Other Factors That Alter HBA1C Levels. AACE Clinical Case Reports 2015. PMID:


  51. Shah AD, Rushakoff RJ. Patient Self-Management of Diabetes Care in the Inpatient Setting: Con. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2015. PMID: 25990293


  52. Rushakoff RJ, Rushakoff JA. Evolution of the curbside consult commentary on transforming the endocrine consult: asynchronous provider consultations. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2015. PMID: 25716641


  53. Shah AD, Fox RK, Rushakoff RJ. Falsely Decreased HbA1c in a Type 2 Diabetic Patient Treated with Dapsone. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2014. PMID: 25100400


  54. Rushakoff RJ, Sullivan MM, Seley JJ, Sadhu A, O'Malley CW, Manchester C, Peterson E, Rogers KM. Using a mentoring approach to implement an inpatient glycemic control program in United States hospitals. Healthcare (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2014. PMID: 26250508


  55. Shah A, Sullivan MM, Rushakoff RJ. A New "Twist" on Insulin Pen Administrat ion Errors. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2014. PMID: 24969115


  56. Neinstein A, MacMaster HW, Sullivan MM, Rushakoff R. A detailed description of the implementation of inpatient insulin orders with a commercial electronic health record system. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2014. PMID: 24876450


  57. Draznin B, Gilden J, Golden SH, Inzucchi SE, Baldwin D, Bode BW, Boord JB, Braithwaite SS, Cagliero E, Dungan KM, Falciglia M, Figaro MK, Hirsch IB, Klonoff D, Korytkowski MT, Kosiborod M, Lien LF, Magee MF, Masharani U, Maynard G, McDonnell ME, Moghissi ES, Rasouli N, Rubin DJ, Rushakoff RJ, Sadhu AR, Schwartz S, Seley JJ, Umpierrez GE, Vigersky RA, Low CC, Wexler DJ. Pathways to quality inpatient management of hyperglycemia and diabetes: a call to action. Diabetes care 2013. PMID: 23801791


  58. Kim S, Rushakoff RJ, Sullivan M, Windham H. Hyperglycemia control of the nil per os patient in the intensive care unit: introduction of a simple subcutaneous insulin algorithm. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2012. PMID: 23294788


  59. Kimmel B, Sullivan MM, Rushakoff RJ. Survey on transition from inpatient to outpatient for patients on insulin: what really goes on at home? Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2010. PMID: 20350914


  60. Sullivan MM, O'Brien CR, Gitelman SE, Shapiro SE, Rushakoff RJ. Impact of an interactive online nursing educational module on insulin errors in hospitalized pediatric patients. Diabetes care 2010. PMID: 20504898


  61. Weinberg ME, Bacchetti P, Rushakoff RJ. Frequently repeated glucose measurements overestimate the incidence of inpatient hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia. Journal of diabetes science and technology 2010. PMID: 20513323


  62. Aggarwal R, Weinberg V, Small EJ, Oh W, Rushakoff R, Ryan CJ. The mechanism of action of estrogen in castration-resistant prostate cancer: clues from hormone levels. Clinical genitourinary cancer 2009. PMID: 19815485


  63. Masharani U, Rushakoff RJ. Update on systemic management of diabetes. International ophthalmology clinics 2009. PMID: 19349784


  64. Wesorick D, O'Malley C, Rushakoff R, Larsen K, Magee M. Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in the hospital: a practical guide to subcutaneous insulin use in the non-critically ill, adult patient. Journal of hospital medicine 2008. PMID: 18951381


  65. . Quality Improvement Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes—Reply. TO REMOVE 2006. PMID:


  66. Shojania KG, Ranji SR, McDonald KM, Grimshaw JM, Sundaram V, Rushakoff RJ, Owens DK. Effects of quality improvement strategies for type 2 diabetes on glycemic control: a meta-regression analysis. JAMA 2006. PMID: 16868301


  67. Rushakoff RJ, Woeber KA. Evaluation of a "formal" endocrinology curbside consultation service: advice by means of internet, fax, and telephone. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2003. PMID: 12917074


  68. Earle KE, Rushakoff RJ, Goldfine ID. Inadvertent sulfonylurea overdosage and hypoglycemia in an elderly woman: failure of serum hypoglycemia screening. Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2003. PMID: 12828829


  69. Rushakoff RJ, Lewis SB. Case of pseudohypoglycemia. Diabetes care 2001. PMID: 11723104


  70. Liddle RA, Gertz BJ, Kanayama S, Beccaria L, Gettys TW, Taylor IL, Rushakoff RJ, Williams VC, Coker LD. Regulation of pancreatic endocrine function by cholecystokinin: studies with MK-329, a nonpeptide cholecystokinin receptor antagonist. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1990. PMID: 2186058


  71. R. J. Rushakoff, R. A. Liddle, J. A. Williams, I. D. Goldfine. The Role of Cholecystokinin and Other Gut Peptides on Regulation of Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels. TO REMOVE 1990. PMID:


  72. Liddle RA, Rushakoff RJ, Morita ET, Beccaria L, Carter JD, Goldfine ID. Physiological role for cholecystokinin in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia in humans. The Journal of clinical investigation 1988. PMID: 3290250


  73. Melmed S, Rushakoff RJ. Ectopic pituitary and hypothalamic hormone syndromes. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 1987. PMID: 2891504


  74. Rushakoff RJ, Goldfine ID, Carter JD, Liddle RA. Physiological concentrations of cholecystokinin stimulate amino acid-induced insulin release in humans. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1987. PMID: 3305550


  75. Rushakoff RJ. Early steps in the research process. The Diabetes educator 1987. PMID: 3665728


  76. Rushakoff RJ, Kalkhoff RK. Relative effects of pregnancy and corticosterone administration on skeletal muscle metabolism in the rat. Endocrinology 1983. PMID: 6345145


  77. Rushakoff RJ, Kalkhoff RK. Effects of pregnancy and sex steroid administration on skeletal muscle metabolism in the rat. Diabetes 1981. PMID: 7018960


  78. Rushakoff RJ, Lewis SB, Schultz TA, Kaplan RA, Davis JL, Pilkis SJ, Ho RJ, Wallin JD. Epinephrine-induced cyclic AMP production and vasoconstriction in the noncyclically perfused rat hindlimb; a possible role for insulin. Life sciences 1978. PMID: 203812


  79. Schultz TA, Lewis SB, Westbie DK, Gerich JE, Rushakoff RJ, Wallin JD. Glucose delivery--a clarification of its role in regulating glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle. Life sciences 1977. PMID: 839987