George Rutherford, MD
Professor
Prevention Science
My research interests are the epidemiology and prevention of infectious and tropical diseases of public health importance, both internationally and domestically, with a primary focus on HIV and AIDS. My work is funded primarily by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through the Presidential Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. I also have smaller projects dealing with the epidemiology of tuberculosis in California, the prevention of childhood injury, immunizations and bioterrorism. I am a member of the AIDS Research Institute's Executive Committee.
Education
2018 - Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Champion Training, University of California
Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, 1984 - , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
PGY-4, 1982 - Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
PGY-3, 1981 - Paediatrics, University of Toronto - Hospital for Sick Children
PGY-1, PGY-2, 1980 - Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
M.D., 1978 - Medicine, Duke University
B.S., 1975 - Chemistry, Stanford University
A.M., 1975 - History, Stanford Unviersity
A.B., 1974 - Classics, Stanford University
Websites
Publications
- Facial Masking for Covid-19 - Potential for "Variolation" as We Await a Vaccine.
- HIV Care Continuum and Meeting 90-90-90 Targets: Cascade of Care Analyses of a U.S. Military Cohort.
- Will Coronavirus Disease 2019 Become Seasonal?
- Estimation of effects of contact tracing and mask adoption on COVID-19 transmission in San Francisco: a modeling study.
- Can HIV recent infection surveillance help us better understand where primary prevention efforts should be targeted? Results of three pilots integrating a recent infection testing algorithm into routine programme activities in Kenya and Zimbabwe.
- RECENT HIV INFECTION SURVEILLANCE IN ROUTINE HIV TESTING IN NAIROBI, KENYA: A FEASIBILITY STUDY.
- Screening for Park Access during a Primary Care Social Determinants Screen.
- The impact of different types of violence on Ebola virus disease transmission during the 2018-2020 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- LIFETIME SYPHILIS PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG FEMALE PRISONERS IN BRAZIL.
- The Association of Knowledge, Attitudes and Access with Park Use before and after a Park-Prescription Intervention for Low-Income Families in the U.S.
- Economic compensation interventions to increase uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Service delivery interventions to increase uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention: A systematic review.
- Projections of epidemic transmission and estimation of vaccination impact during an ongoing Ebola virus disease outbreak in Northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, as of Feb. 25, 2019.
- Estimating the impact of violent events on transmission in Ebola virus disease outbreak, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018-2019.
- Real-time predictions of the 2018-2019 Ebola virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo using Hawkes point process models.
- Immunization coverage among refugee children in Berlin.
- Clinic and park partnerships for childhood resilience: A prospective study of park prescriptions.
- Neurological, cognitive, and psychological findings among survivors of Ebola virus disease from the 1995 Ebola outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional study.
- The Continuing Value of CD4 Cell Count Monitoring for Differential HIV Care and Surveillance.
- Projections of Ebola outbreak size and duration with and without vaccine use in Équateur, Democratic Republic of Congo, as of May 27, 2018.
- Primary HIV prevention in pregnant and lactating Ugandan women: A randomized trial.
- Does prior dengue virus exposure worsen clinical outcomes of Zika virus infection? A systematic review, pooled analysis and lessons learned.
- Overdose mortality rates in Croatia and factors associated with self-reported drug overdose among persons who inject drugs in three Croatian cities.
- Supportive interventions to improve retention on ART in people with HIV in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.
- Disclosure and Clinical Outcomes Among Young Adolescents Living With HIV in Kenya.
- Primary antifungal prophylaxis for cryptococcal disease in HIV-positive people.
- Understanding why HIV-infected persons disengaged from pre-ART care in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a qualitative study.
- Bisexual and Bidirectional: Assessing the Potential for HIV Bridging in Mozambique.
- Mortality Rate and Predictors in Children Under 15 Years Old Who Acquired HIV from Mother to Child Transmission in Paraguay.
- Linking private, for-profit providers to public sector services for HIV and tuberculosis co-infected patients: A systematic review.
- Strengthening Routine Data Systems to Track the HIV Epidemic and Guide the Response in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Anatomy of a Hotspot: Chain and Seroepidemiology of Ebola Virus Transmission, Sukudu, Sierra Leone, 2015-16.
- Food Insecurity as a Risk Factor for Outcomes Related to Ebola Virus Disease in Kono District, Sierra Leone: A Cross-Sectional Study.
- Modes of HIV transmission among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years in Kenya.
- Effect of park prescriptions with and without group visits to parks on stress reduction in low-income parents: SHINE randomized trial.
- Low bone mineral density among HIV-infected patients in Brazil.
- Internet-based biosurveillance methods for vector-borne diseases: Are they novel public health tools or just novelties?
- HIV and hepatitis B and C co-infection among people who inject drugs in Zanzibar.
- Supplementary antimicrobials for patients with HIV and <100 CD4 cells/µL are associated with improved survival.
- Ritonavir-Boosted Darunavir Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors versus Other Regimens for Initial Antiretroviral Therapy for People with HIV Infection: A Systematic Review.
- Refining Current Scientific Priorities and Identifying New Scientific Gaps in HIV-Related Heart, Lung, Blood, and Sleep Research.
- Is 90-90-90 achievable?
- Efavirenz or nevirapine in three-drug combination therapy with two nucleoside or nucleotide-reverse transcriptase inhibitors for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-naïve individuals.
- Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy prevents HIV transmission to seronegative sexual partners.
- Minimally Symptomatic Infection in an Ebola 'Hotspot': A Cross-Sectional Serosurvey.
- Dolutegravir Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors versus Efavirenz Plus Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors As Initial Antiretroviral Therapy for People with HIV: A Systematic Review.
- Design and evaluation of a park prescription program for stress reduction and health promotion in low-income families: The Stay Healthy in Nature Everyday (SHINE) study protocol.
- Evaluating Google Flu Trends in Latin America: Important Lessons for the Next Phase of Digital Disease Detection.
- Cefazolin versus Nafcillin for Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection in a California Tertiary Medical Center.
- Detectable HIV Viral Load in Kenya: Data from a Population-Based Survey.
- Evaluation of Kenya's readiness to transition from sentinel surveillance to routine HIV testing for antenatal clinic-based HIV surveillance.
- Effectiveness of semen washing to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and assist pregnancy in HIV-discordant couples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Gestational dating by metabolic profile at birth: a California cohort study.
- Initiating antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with >500 CD4 cells/µL provides more benefit than delaying treatment.
- Feasibility and effectiveness of a brief, intensive phylogenetics workshop in a middle-income country.
- Validating the Use of Google Trends to Enhance Pertussis Surveillance in California.
- Misclassification of men with reported HIV infection in Ukraine.
- Social network analysis identified central outcomes for core outcome sets using systematic reviews of HIV/AIDS.
- Enhancing Maternal and Child Health using a Combined Mother & Child Health Booklet in Kenya.
- Training for Better Management: Avante Zambézia, PEPFAR and Improving the Quality of Administrative Services Comment on "Implementation of a Health Management Mentoring Program: Year-1 Evaluation of Its Impact on Health System Strengthening in Zambézia
- High HIV prevalence in a respondent-driven sampling survey of injection drug users in Tehran, Iran.
- Call for a California coccidioidomycosis consortium to face the top ten challenges posed by a recalcitrant regional disease.
- Slowing of the HIV epidemic in Ukraine: evidence from case reporting and key population surveys, 2005-2012.
- High-risk motorcycle taxi drivers in the HIV/AIDS era: a respondent-driven sampling survey in Kampala, Uganda.
- Access to harm reduction programs among persons who inject drugs: findings from a respondent-driven sampling survey in Tehran, Iran.
- Burden of HIV infection among children aged 18 months to 14 years in Kenya: results from a nationally representative population-based cross-sectional survey.
- Contraceptive practices and fertility desires among HIV-infected and uninfected women in Kenya: results from a nationally representative study.
- Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2012.
- Kenya AIDS Indicator Surveys 2007 and 2012: implications for public health policies for HIV prevention and treatment.
- Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Kenya: results from a nationally representative study.
- Status of voluntary medical male circumcision in Kenya: findings from 2 nationally representative surveys in Kenya, 2007 and 2012.
- Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: a systematic review.
- Improving antiretroviral therapy scale-up and effectiveness through service integration and decentralization.
- Predicting treatment failure in adults and children on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review of the performance characteristics of the 2010 WHO immunologic and clinical criteria for virologic failure.
- Treatment of Kaposi sarcoma in children with HIV-1 infection.
- Yellow fever vaccine for patients with HIV infection.
- The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Underreporting of HIV transmission among men who have sex with men in the Ukraine.
- Effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programmes in Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania.
- University students and the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in Uganda: the Crane survey.
- Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples.
- Perceptions of child discipline and its contributions to child abuse in a low-income community in Nairobi, Kenya.
- Ultrasound measurements of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in HIV-infected patients on the Mediterranean diet.
- Toxicity-related antiretroviral drug treatment modifications in individuals starting therapy: a cohort analysis of time patterns, sex, and other risk factors.
- Maternal risk factors for HIV infection in infants in northeastern Brazil.
- Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples.
- HIV among MSM in a large middle-income country.
- Is the rate of CD4 cell decline changing over time in antiretroviral-naïve patients?
- Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among HIV-infected women in Brazil.
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis.
- Acquisition of GB virus type C and lower mortality in patients with advanced HIV disease.
- Mobile phone text messaging for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection.
- Interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV infection.
- Antiretroviral therapy and the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection.
- Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples.
- Antiretroviral drug resistance in a respondent-driven sample of HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Brazil.
- Reliability of self-report of HIV status among men who have sex with men in Brazil.
- Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples.
- The public health impact of coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California.
- Population-based biomedical sexually transmitted infection control interventions for reducing HIV infection.
- Human herpesvirus 8 infection in children and adults in a population-based study in rural Uganda.
- Depression and HIV in Botswana: a population-based study on gender-specific socioeconomic and behavioral correlates.
- Efavirenz or nevirapine in three-drug combination therapy with two nucleoside-reverse transcriptase inhibitors for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-naïve individuals.
- Tenofovir or zidovudine in three-drug combination therapy with one nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-naïve individuals.
- Stavudine or zidovudine in three-drug combination therapy for initial treatment of HIV infection in antiretroviral-naïve individuals.
- Public health triangulation: approach and application to synthesizing data to understand national and local HIV epidemics.
- Prevention of diarrhoea in children with HIV infection or exposure to maternal HIV infection.
- Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV-infected, treatment-naive adults.
- Developing WHO guidelines with pragmatic, structured, evidence-based processes: A case study.
- Distant sequelae of traumatic brain injury: premature mortality and intracranial neoplasms.
- Long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury.
- Estimating the healthcare burden of osteomyelitis in Uganda.
- Correlates of unprotected receptive anal intercourse among gay and bisexual men: Kampala, Uganda.
- Dyslipidemia and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Croatian HIV-infected patients during the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
- Race, place and AIDS: the role of socioeconomic context on racial disparities in treatment and survival in San Francisco.
- Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of body-shape changes in Croatian patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy.
- The role of breast-feeding in the prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review.
- Assessment of ultrasound for use in detecting lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients taking combination antiretroviral therapy.
- Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
- Condoms in concentrated and generalised HIV epidemics.
- The efficacy of behavioral interventions in reducing HIV risk behaviors and incident sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual African Americans.
- Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review.
- Implementation challenges to using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance: field experiences in international settings.
- Think globally, act locally, and collaborate internationally: global health sciences at the University of California, San Francisco.
- Family structure and adolescent sexual behavior in a poor area of São Paulo, Brazil.
- Insights from a survey of sexual behavior among a group of at-risk women in Tehran, Iran, 2006.
- The effect of HIV on morbidity and mortality in children with severe malarial anaemia.
- Gay and bisexual men in Kampala, Uganda.
- Antiretroviral regimens for patients with HIV who fail first-line antiretroviral therapy.
- Deaths and injuries attributed to infant crib bumper pads.
- HIV risk behavior among injection drug users in Tehran, Iran.
- Estimating severe coccidioidomycosis in California.
- Prevalence, incidence and mortality associated with tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda.
- The public health need and present status of a vaccine for the prevention of coccidioidomycosis.
- Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure.
- The epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in the world.
- AIDS prevention research in low and middle-income countries: increasing the dissemination of study results in the scientific literature.
- Thyroid function and perchlorate in drinking water: an evaluation among California newborns, 1998.
- Stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine combination therapy for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS in adults.
- The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis.
- An archived lot of coccidioidin induces specific coccidioidal delayed-type hypersensitivity and correlates with in vitro assays of coccidioidal cellular immune response.
- A meta-analysis of the effect of high weight on asthma.
- Changes in sexual behavior and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda.
- Antifungal interventions for the primary prevention of cryptococcal disease in adults with HIV.
- Potential deterrent effect of name-based HIV infection surveillance.
- Pediatric acute lung injury: prospective evaluation of risk factors associated with mortality.
- Opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected adults in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: a cross-sectional study.
- A matched case-control study evaluating the effectiveness of speed humps in reducing child pedestrian injuries.
- Population-based interventions for reducing sexually transmitted infections, including HIV infection.
- Primary congenital hypothyroidism, newborn thyroid function, and environmental perchlorate exposure among residents of a Southern California community.
- Where should infants sleep? A comparison of risk for suffocation of infants sleeping in cribs, adult beds, and other sleeping locations.
- Risks of serious complications and death from smallpox vaccination: a systematic review of the United States experience, 1963-1968.
- Emerging HIV-1 epidemic in China in men who have sex with men.
- Risk factors for incident HIV infection among anonymous HIV testing site clients in Santos, Brazil: 1996-1999.
- Three- or four- versus two-drug antiretroviral maintenance regimens for HIV infection.
- Nonoxynol-9 spermicide for prevention of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually transmitted infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including more than 5000 women.
- Skateboard-associated injuries: participation-based estimates and injury characteristics.
- International collaboration in conducting systematic reviews: the Cochrane Collaborative Review Group on HIV Infection and AIDS.
- Nonoxynol-9 for preventing vaginal acquisition of HIV infection by women from men.
- Nonoxynol-9 for preventing vaginal acquisition of sexually transmitted infections by women from men.
- The Cochrane HIV/AIDS review group and evidence-based practice in nursing.
- Population-based interventions for reducing sexually transmitted infections, including HIV infection.
- Surveillance for incident HIV infection: new technology and new opportunities.
- Three- or four- versus two-drug antiretroviral maintenance regimens for HIV infection.
- Research in the Veterans Health Administration: the report of the Research Realignment Advisory Committee.
- Medicaid managed care and public health data.
- Public health, communicable diseases, and managed care: Will managed care improve or weaken communicable disease control?
- Truck drivers in Brazil: prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, risk behavior and potential for spread of infection.
- Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a California State Prison, 1991.
- Fatiguing illness among employees in three large state office buildings, California, 1993: was there an outbreak?
- Risk factors for injuries from in-line skating and the effectiveness of safety gear.
- Epidemiology and control of coccidioidomycosis in California.
- An outbreak of cholera from food served on an international aircraft.
- Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in California, 1991 to 1992.
- HIV infection in women.
- Lyme disease in northwestern coastal California.
- Measles epidemic from failure to immunize.
- Determinants of survival in adult Brazilian AIDS patients, 1982-1989. The Brazilian State AIDS Program Co-Ordinators.
- Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
- Mesocestoides (Cestoda) infection in a California child.
- Progression and clinical outcome of infection due to human immunodeficiency virus.
- Cysticercosis: first 12 months of reporting in California.
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus, San Francisco, 1981-1989.
- The draft lottery and AIDS: evidence against increased intravenous drug use by Vietnam-era veterans.
- Partner notification and the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Two years of experience in San Francisco.
- HIV seroconversion in two homosexual men after receptive oral intercourse with ejaculation: implications for counseling concerning safe sexual practices.
- Course of HIV-I infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: an 11 year follow up study.
- The role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pneumococcal bacteremia in San Francisco residents.
- Human immunodeficiency virus infection in tuberculosis patients.
- Effect of the revised AIDS case definition on AIDS reporting in San Francisco: evidence of increased reporting in intravenous drug users.
- Projections of AIDS morbidity and mortality in San Francisco.
- Detection of human immunodeficiency virus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction in a well-characterized group of homosexual and bisexual men.
- Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. Epidemiology and analysis for cofactors.
- Survival trends for patients with AIDS.
- Impact of AIDS on mortality in San Francisco, 1979-1986.
- Kaposi's sarcoma among homosexual and bisexual men enrolled in the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort Study.
- Relationship between AIDS latency period and AIDS survival time in homosexual and bisexual men.
- Survival following diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma for AIDS patients in San Francisco.
- The epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in San Francisco.
- Phase I study of low-dose zidovudine and acyclovir in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus seropositive individuals.
- Prevalence, incidence, and progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual and bisexual men in hepatitis B vaccine trials, 1978-1988.
- Neurological and neuropsychological manifestations of HIV-1 infection: association with AIDS-related complex but not asymptomatic HIV-1 infection.
- The epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in San Francisco.
- Evaluation of AIDS prevention and control programs.
- Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection and key predictors of HIV disease progression.
- The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
- Use of hospitals by patients with AIDS in San Francisco.
- The epidemiology of AIDS in Asian and Pacific Islander populations in San Francisco.
- The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
- A model-based estimate of the mean incubation period for AIDS in homosexual men.
- Estimating AIDS infection rates in the San Francisco cohort.
- Guidelines for the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection in adolescents.
- Survival patterns of the first 500 patients with AIDS in San Francisco.
- Impact of the revised AIDS case definition on AIDS reporting in San Francisco.
- Declining prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual AIDS patients paralleled by fall in cytomegalovirus transmission.
- Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS.
- Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical features, response to therapy, and survival.
- Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
- Guidelines for the control of perinatally transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection and care of infected mothers, infants and children.
- The proportion of cases of AIDS diagnosed in outpatients.
- A population-based study of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Oregon, 1979-1982.
- Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis, Taiwan.