Brian Schwartz, MD

Professor of Clinical Medicine

Brian Schwartz is a physician specializing in the treatment of infectious diseases, specifically the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections in immunocompromised patients. He serves as the Associate Chair of Education for the Department of Medicine. He previously served as the Program Director of the Infectious Diseases Fellowship at UCSF and the Course Director for the Pathogens and Host Defense block in the School of Medicine. He was the inaugural Chair of the Medical Education Community of Practice for the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Chair of the Microbiology/Immunology Item Writing Committee for the National Board of Medical Examiners. Between 2014-2019 he held the Gold-Headed Cane Endowed Teaching Chair for Internal Medicine. He also serves as a contributing editor to the Sanford Guide of Antimicrobial Therapy.

Education
2018 - Mentor Training Program, UCSF
2017 - DEI Champion Training, UCSF
Leadership Education and Development Certificate, 2016 - Educational Leadership, AAMC
Teaching Scholars Program, 2015 - Medical Education, UCSF
Infectious Diseases Fellowship, 2008 - , UCSF
Internal Medicine Residency, 2004 - , Massachusetts General Hospital
M.D., 2001 - , Rush Medical College
Honors and Awards
  • Society Citation Award, Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019
  • Henry J Kaiser Award for Excellence in Classroom Teaching, UCSF, 2019
  • UCSF Excellence and Innovation Award in Graduate Medical Education, UCSF, 2017
  • Service Award, The Haile T. Debas Academy of Medical Educators at UCSF, UCSF, 2015
  • Gold-Headed Cane Endowed Teaching Chair in Internal Medicine, UCSF, 2014-2019
  • Essential Core Teaching Award for Commitment to Medical Student Teaching, UCSF, 2013
  • Member, Haile T. Debas Academy of Medical Educators, UCSF, 2012
Websites
Publications

  1. Minter DJ, Frank AK, Pierce L, Schwartz BS, Narayana S. Learning from our patients: An exploratory study to inform the development of a case tracking dashboard for internal medicine subspecialty fellows. Medical teacher 2024. PMID: 39222022


  2. Patel EJ, Ahmad M, Schwartz BS, van Zante A, Kersten R, Loftus P. Invasive Fungal Sinusitis in an Immunocompetent Patient After Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and a Mycetoma. The Laryngoscope 2024. PMID: 38651570


  3. Wasson MK, Luther VP, Armstrong WS, Schwartz BS, Shnekendorf R, Logan A, Bennani K, Spicer JO. Skills, Not Just Knowledge: Infectious Diseases (ID) Fellows' Recommendations Regarding Antimicrobial Stewardship Training. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023. PMID: 37310036


  4. Beagle AJ, Sunwoo BY, Olin RL, Schwartz BS, Block BL. It's All in the Timing. The New England journal of medicine 2023. PMID: 37672698


  5. Spottiswoode N, Hao S, Sanchez-Guerrero E, Detweiler AM, Mekonen H, Neff N, Macmillan H, Schwartz BS, Engel J, DeRisi JL, Miller SA, Langelier CR. In host evolution of beta lactam resistance during active treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2023. PMID: 37712060


  6. Jacobson R, Gutierrez RA, Ghatnekar S, Virji AZ, Schwartz BS, Gensler LS, Haemel A, Frangos JE. Tuberculid reactions: A multi-institution cohort study from 2 academic medical centers in the United States. JAAD international 2023. PMID: 37711341


  7. Gutierrez RA, Jacobson R, Ghatnekar S, Virji AZ, Schwartz BS, Gensler LS, Haemel A, Frangos JE. Cutaneous tuberculosis: A multi-institution cohort study from 2 academic medical centers in the United States. JAAD international 2023. PMID: 37700805


  8. Chang A, Schwartz BS, Fernandez A. Response to Letter: Clinician Educator and Clinician Researcher Collaborations. 2022. PMID: 35445351


  9. Santhosh L, Abdoler E, O'Brien BC, Schwartz B. How do internal medicine subspecialty societies support clinician-educator careers? A qualitative exploratory study. 2022. PMID: 35361197


  10. Spicer JO, Armstrong WS, Schwartz BS, Abbo LM, Advani SD, Barsoumian AE, Beeler C, Bennani K, Holubar M, Huang M, Ince D, Justo JA, Lee MSL, Logan A, MacDougall C, Nori P, Ohl C, Patel PK, Pottinger PS, Shnekendorf R, Stack C, Van Schooneveld TC, Willis ZI, Zhou Y, Luther VP. Evaluation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America's Core Antimicrobial Stewardship Curriculum for Infectious Diseases Fellows. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2021. PMID: 34192322


  11. Huppert LA, Hsu G, Elnachef N, Flint L, Frank JA, Gensler LS, Hsiao EC, Khanna RR, Qasim A, Schwartz BS, Widera E, Zapata C, Babik JM. A single center evaluation of applicant experiences in virtual interviews across eight internal medicine subspecialty fellowship programs. Medical education online 2021. PMID: 34187346


  12. Budak JZ, Sears DA, Wood BR, Spach DH, Armstrong WS, Dhanireddy S, Teherani A, Schwartz BS. HIV Training Pathways in Residency: A National Survey of Curricula and Outcomes. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020. PMID: 32211781


  13. Chang A, Schwartz BS, Harleman E, Johnson M, Walter LC, Fernandez A. Guiding Academic Clinician Educators at Research-Intensive Institutions: a Framework for Chairs, Chiefs, and Mentors. Journal of general internal medicine 2021. PMID: 33846943


  14. Huppert LA, Hsiao EC, Cho KC, Marquez C, Chaudhry RI, Frank J, Goglin SE, Hsu G, Kathpalia P, Khanna R, Kompala T, Rao MN, Bower BA, Trafas V, Santhosh L, Schwartz BS, Babik JM. Virtual Interviews at Graduate Medical Education Training Programs: Determining Evidence-Based Best Practices. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2020. PMID: 33298691


  15. Abdoler EA, O'Brien BC, Schwartz BS. Following the Script: An Exploratory Study of the Therapeutic Reasoning Underlying Physicians' Choice of Antimicrobial. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2020. PMID: 32379146


  16. Fung M, Chiu CY, DeVoe C, Doernberg SB, Schwartz BS, Langelier C, Henrich TJ, Yokoe D, Davis J, Hays SR, Chandran S, Kukreja J, Ng D, Prostko J, Taylor R, Reyes K, Bainbridge E, Bond A, Chin-Hong P, Babik JM. Clinical Outcomes and Serologic Response in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with COVID-19: A Case Series from the United States. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2020. PMID: 32476258


  17. Blauvelt CA, Chiu C, Donovan AL, Prahl M, Shimotake TK, George RB, Schwartz BS, Farooqi NA, Ali SS, Cassidy A, Gonzalez JM, Gaw SL. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Preterm Pregnant Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obstetrics and gynecology 2020. PMID: 32384385


  18. Budak JZ, Brickman CE, Abdoler EA, Wallender EK, Mulliken JS, Kerkhoff AD, Lampiris H, Babik JM, Koss CA, Schwartz BS. Response to: Is Burnout Infectious? Understanding Drivers of Burnout and Job Satisfaction Among Academic Infectious Diseases Physicians. Open forum infectious diseases 2020. PMID: 32284950


  19. Chen SF, Deitz J, Batten JN, DeCoste-Lopez J, Adam M, Alspaugh JA, Amieva MR, Becker P, Boslett B, Carline J, Chin-Hong P, Engle DL, Hayward KN, Nevins A, Porwal A, Pottinger PS, Schwartz BS, Smith S, Sow M, Teherani A, Prober CG. A Multi-Institution Collaboration to Define Core Content and Design Flexible Curricular Components for a Foundational Medical School Course: Implications for National Curriculum Reform. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2019. PMID: 30801270


  20. Perez AA, Singer JP, Schwartz BS, Chin-Hong P, Shah RJ, Kleinhenz ME, Gao Y, Venado A, Leard LE, Golden JA, Kukreja J, Greenland JR, Hays SR. Management and clinical outcomes after lung transplantation in patients with pre-transplant Mycobacterium abscessus infection: A single center experience. Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society 2019. PMID: 30924986


  21. Luther VP, Shnekendorf R, Abbo LM, Advani S, Armstrong WS, Barsoumian AE, Beeler CB, Bystritsky R, Cherabuddi K, Cohen S, Hamilton KW, Ince D, Justo JA, Logan A, Lynch JB, Nori P, Ohl CA, Patel PK, Pottinger PS, Schwartz BS, Stack C, Zhou Y. Antimicrobial Stewardship Training for Infectious Diseases Fellows: Program Directors Identify a Curriculum Need. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2018. PMID: 29668905


  22. Fung M, Schwartz BS, Doernberg SB, Langelier C, Lo M, Graff L, Tan M, Logan AC, Chin-Hong P, Babik JM. Breakthrough Invasive Fungal Infections on Isavuconazole Prophylaxis and Treatment: What is Happening in the Real-world Setting? Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2018. PMID: 29617983


  23. Liu EW, Schwartz BS, Hysmith ND, DeVincenzo JP, Larson DT, Maves RC, Palazzi DL, Meyer C, Custodio HT, Braza MM, Al Hammoud R, Rao S, Qvarnstrom Y, Yabsley MJ, Bradbury RS, Montgomery SP. Rat Lungworm Infection Associated with Central Nervous System Disease - Eight U.S. States, January 2011-January 2017. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2018. PMID: 30070981


  24. Shinkai K, Chen CA, Schwartz BS, Loeser H, Ashe C, Irby DM. Rethinking the Educator Portfolio: An Innovative Criteria-Based Model. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2018. PMID: 29116980


  25. Dumont RA, Keen NN, Bloomer CW, Schwartz BS, Talbott J, Clark AJ, Wilson DM, Chin CT. Clinical Utility of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Spinal Infections. Clinical neuroradiology 2018. PMID: 29582111


  26. Clemente WT, Mourão PHO, Lopez-Medrano F, Schwartz BS, García-Donoso C, Torre-Cisneros J. Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Recommendations for Solid Organ Transplant Recipients and Donors. Transplantation 2018. PMID: 29381573


  27. Schwartz BS, Chin-Hong PV. A Call to Action: Infectious Diseases Medical Educators Needed. The Journal of infectious diseases 2017. PMID: 28938045


  28. Sears D, Schwartz BS. Candida auris: An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2017. PMID: 28888662


  29. Matsumoto A, Yeh I, Schwartz B, Rosenblum M, Schmidt TH. Chronic Helicobacter cinaedi cellulitis diagnosed by microbial polymerase chain reaction. JAAD case reports 2017. PMID: 28884138


  30. MacDougall C, Schwartz BS, Kim L, Nanamori M, Shekarchian S, Chin-Hong PV. An Interprofessional Curriculum on Antimicrobial Stewardship Improves Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Appropriate Antimicrobial Use and Collaboration. Volume 4 of Issue 1. Open forum infectious diseases 2017. PMID: 28480231


  31. Chou J, Wallender E, Schwartz BS. Respiratory Failure in a Woman 8 Months After an Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant. JAMA oncology 2016. PMID: 27559706


  32. Baxi SM, Robinson ML, Grill MF, Schwartz BS, Doernberg SB, Liu C. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Individuals With Spinal Implant Infections: A Descriptive Study. Open forum infectious diseases 2016. PMID: 27704027


  33. Shekarchian S, Schwartz BS, Teherani A, Irby D, Chin-Hong PV. Is It Time for a Coordinated and Longitudinal Approach to Antibiotic Stewardship Education? Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2016. PMID: 27343546


  34. Melber DJ, Teherani A, Schwartz BS. A Comprehensive Survey of Preclinical Microbiology Curricula Among US Medical Schools. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2016. PMID: 27126343


  35. Schwartz BS, Rosen J, Han PV, Hynes NA, Hagmann SH, Rao SR, Jentes ES, Ryan ET, LaRocque RC. Immunocompromised Travelers: Demographic Characteristics, Travel Destinations, and Pretravel Health Care from the U.S. Global TravEpiNet Consortium. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2015. PMID: 26304922


  36. Schwartz BS, Armstrong WS, Ohl CA, Luther VP. Create Allies, IDSA Stewardship Commitments Should Prioritize Health Professions Learners. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2015. PMID: 26224002


  37. Chow FC, Schwartz BS, Josephson SA. Opinion and special articles: An interdisciplinary neuroinfectious diseases clinic to improve patient care and training. Neurology 2015. PMID: 25548243


  38. Berliner JG, Aldabagh B, Mully T, Yu SS, Schwartz BS, Berger TG. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections following cosmetic laser procedures: a case report and review of the literature. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD 2015. PMID: 25607912


  39. Yu WY, Manrriquez E, Bhutani T, Chaganti RK, Ruben BS, Schwartz BS, Fox LP. Sweet heart: A case of pregnancy-associated acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis with myopericarditis. JAAD case reports 2014. PMID: 27075127


  40. Watkins ER, Shamasunder S, Cascino T, White KL, Katrak S, Bern C, Schwartz BS. Visceral leishmaniasis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a traveler returning from a pilgrimage to the Camino de Santiago. Journal of travel medicine 2014. PMID: 25145768


  41. Zhang AL, Feeley BT, Schwartz BS, Chung TT, Ma CB. Management of deep postoperative shoulder infections: is there a role for open biopsy during staged treatment? Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2014. PMID: 24972813


  42. Levi ME, Kumar D, Green M, Ison MG, Kaul D, Michaels MG, Morris MI, Schwartz BS, Echenique IA, Blumberg EA, AST ID Community of Practice. Considerations for screening live kidney donors for endemic infections: a viewpoint on the UNOS policy. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2014. PMID: 24636427


  43. Kanada KN, Schwartz BS, Pincus LB, Berger TG, Jacobs RA, Shinkai K. A therapeutic trial of antituberculous therapy for suspected lupus vulgaris: How long does it take to see clinical improvement? Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2013. PMID: 24124850


  44. Rabe IB, Schwartz BS, Farnon EC, Josephson SA, Webber AB, Roberts JP, de Mattos AM, Gallay BJ, van Slyck S, Messenger SL, Yen CJ, Bloch EM, Drew CP, Fischer M, Glaser CA. Fatal transplant-associated west nile virus encephalitis and public health investigation-california, 2010. Transplantation 2013. PMID: 23823653


  45. Schwartz BS, Mawhorter SD, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Parasitic infections in solid organ transplantation. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2013. PMID: 23465021


  46. Sayah DM, Schwartz BS, Kukreja J, Singer JP, Golden JA, Leard LE. Scedosporium prolificans pericarditis and mycotic aortic aneurysm in a lung transplant recipient receiving voriconazole prophylaxis. Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society 2013. PMID: 23387799


  47. Doyon JB, Sutton DA, Theodore P, Dhillon G, Jones KD, Thompson EH, Fu J, Wickes BL, Koehler JE, Schwartz BS. Rasamsonia argillacea pulmonary and aortic graft infection in an immune-competent patient. Journal of clinical microbiology 2012. PMID: 23241382


  48. Manuel O, Husain S, Kumar D, Zayas C, Mawhorter S, Levi ME, Kalpoe J, Lisboa L, Ely L, Kaul DR, Schwartz BS, Morris MI, Ison MG, Yen-Lieberman B, Sebastian A, Assi M, Humar A. Assessment of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity for the prediction of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk solid-organ transplant recipients: a multicenter cohort study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2012. PMID: 23196955


  49. Morris MI, Daly JS, Blumberg E, Kumar D, Sester M, Schluger N, Kim SH, Schwartz BS, Ison MG, Humar A, Singh N, Michaels M, Orlowski JP, Delmonico F, Pruett T, John GT, Kotton CN. Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in transplant donors: a donor-derived infections consensus conference report. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2012. PMID: 22883346


  50. Tattevin P, Schwartz BS, Graber CJ, Volinski J, Bhukhen A, Bhukhen A, Mai TT, Vo NH, Dang DN, Phan TH, Basuino L, Perdreau-Remington F, Chambers HF, Diep BA. Concurrent epidemics of skin and soft tissue infection and bloodstream infection due to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Volume 55 of Issue 6. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2012. PMID: 22670044


  51. Schwartz BS, Larocque RC, Ryan ET. In the clinic. Travel medicine. Annals of internal medicine 2012. PMID: 22665823


  52. LaRocque RC, Rao SR, Lee J, Ansdell V, Yates JA, Schwartz BS, Knouse M, Cahill J, Hagmann S, Vinetz J, Connor BA, Goad JA, Oladele A, Alvarez S, Stauffer W, Walker P, Kozarsky P, Franco-Paredes C, Dismukes R, Rosen J, Hynes NA, Jacquerioz F, McLellan S, Hale D, Sofarelli T, Schoenfeld D, Marano N, Brunette G, Jentes ES, Yanni E, Sotir MJ, Ryan ET, Global TravEpiNet Consortium. Global TravEpiNet: a national consortium of clinics providing care to international travelers--analysis of demographic characteristics, travel destinations, and pretravel healthcare of high-risk US international travelers, 2009-2011. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2011. PMID: 22144534


  53. Naidus E, Damon L, Schwartz BS, Breed C, Liu C. Experience with use of Zostavax(®) in patients with hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. American journal of hematology 2011. PMID: 22052650


  54. Lopez-Vergès S, Milush JM, Schwartz BS, Pando MJ, Jarjoura J, York VA, Houchins JP, Miller S, Kang SM, Norris PJ, Nixon DF, Lanier LL. Expansion of a unique CD57⁺NKG2Chi natural killer cell subset during acute human cytomegalovirus infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011. PMID: 21825173


  55. Bercovitch RS, Catanzaro A, Schwartz BS, Pappagianis D, Watts DH, Ampel NM. Coccidioidomycosis during pregnancy: a review and recommendations for management. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2011. PMID: 21810749


  56. Schwartz BS, Paster M, Ison MG, Chin-Hong PV. Organ donor screening practices for Trypanosoma cruzi infection among US Organ Procurement Organizations. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2011. PMID: 21426487


  57. Chin-Hong PV, Schwartz BS, Bern C, Montgomery SP, Kontak S, Kubak B, Morris MI, Nowicki M, Wright C, Ison MG. Screening and treatment of chagas disease in organ transplant recipients in the United States: recommendations from the chagas in transplant working group. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2011. PMID: 21401868


  58. Vinh DC, Schwartz B, Hsu AP, Miranda DJ, Valdez PA, Fink D, Lau KP, Long-Priel D, Kuhns DB, Uzel G, Pittaluga S, Hoover S, Galgiani JN, Holland SM. Interleukin-12 receptor β1 deficiency predisposing to disseminated Coccidioidomycosis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2011. PMID: 21258095


  59. Liu C, Schwartz BS, Vallabhaneni S, Nixon M, Chin-Hong PV, Miller SA, Chiu C, Damon L, Drew WL. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection in patients with hematologic malignancy. Volume 16 of Issue 12. Emerging infectious diseases 2010. PMID: 21122221


  60. Miller SA, van Zante A, Schwartz BS. Cytologic evaluation can predict microbial culture results for infectious causes of pulmonary nodules in patients undergoing fine needle aspiration biopsy. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2010. PMID: 20955918


  61. Nakamura K, Schwartz BS, Lindegårdh N, Keh C, Guglielmo BJ. Possible neuropsychiatric reaction to high-dose oseltamivir during acute 2009 H1N1 influenza A infection. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2010. PMID: 20192728


  62. Elicker BM, Schwartz BS, Liu C, Chen EC, Miller SA, Chiu CY, Webb WR. Thoracic CT findings of novel influenza A (H1N1) infection in immunocompromised patients. Volume 17 of Issue 4. Emergency radiology 2010. PMID: 20111882


  63. Koplowicz YB, Schwartz BS, Guglielmo BJ. Development of daptomycin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia during high-dose daptomycin therapy. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2009. PMID: 19780665


  64. Pincus LB, Schwartz BS, Cunningham G, Saeed S, Berger TG. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a scar after treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injections. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009. PMID: 19700025


  65. Schwartz BS, Graber CJ, Diep BA, Basuino L, Perdreau-Remington F, Chambers HF. Doxycycline, not minocycline, induces its own resistance in multidrug-resistant, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300. Volume 48 of Issue 10. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2009. PMID: 19374563


  66. Liu C, Graber CJ, Karr M, Diep BA, Basuino L, Schwartz BS, Enright MC, O'Hanlon SJ, Thomas JC, Perdreau-Remington F, Gordon S, Gunthorpe H, Jacobs R, Jensen P, Leoung G, Rumack JS, Chambers HF. A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco, 2004-2005. Volume 46 of Issue 11. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2008. PMID: 18433335


  67. Graber CJ, Schwartz BS. Failure of decolonization in patients with infections due to mupirocin-resistant strains of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infection control and hospital epidemiology 2008. PMID: 18257694


  68. Schwartz BS, Ngo PD, Guglielmo BJ. Daptomycin treatment failure for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infective endocarditis: impact of protein binding? The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2008. PMID: 18172014


  69. Schwartz BS, Harris JB, Khan AI, Larocque RC, Sack DA, Malek MA, Faruque AS, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Luby SP, Ryan ET. Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2006. PMID: 16760521