Publications

BACKGROUND

HIV is associated with an increased incidence of malaria in adult African populations. In children, the relationship between HIV and malaria is less clear. We investigated the relationship between malaria and HIV-1 infection among adults and children referred for malaria blood smears at government health clinics in Uganda.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study in which 1000 consecutive patients referred for malaria blood smears over the course of 1 to 2 months at each of 7 government clinics (N = 7000) were tested for HIV-1 from dried blood spots using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening and nucleic acid-based confirmatory testing. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection were identified using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

Among 4467 children aged 16 years or younger, 77 (1.7%) were HIV-1 infected. Of 2533 adults, 270 (10.7%) were HIV-1 infected. In children, having a negative malaria blood smear was associated with higher odds of HIV-1 infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18 to 3.06) after controlling for age and gender. In adults, having a positive malaria blood smear was moderately associated with higher odds of HIV-1 infection (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.97) after controlling for age and gender.

CONCLUSIONS

In Ugandans evaluated for suspected malaria, associations between malaria smear results and HIV infection differed between children and adults. Although further operations research is needed, our results suggest that counseling and testing for HIV may be of particular importance in children suspected of malaria but with negative malaria smears and in adults with positive malaria smears.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the specific contribution of memory impairment to employment status in persons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

METHODS

A total of 832 patients with SLE were surveyed and data collected on demographics, SLE symptoms and activity, health status, depression, medications, health resource utilization, and current employment status. Participants underwent screening for memory impairment and based on their scores were categorized to 3 levels of memory function: intact, mild-moderate impairment, and severe impairment. Employment status was compared across impairment levels using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, race, education, and marital status), employment status at year of diagnosis, disease activity, disease duration, and depression.

RESULTS

In the intact memory function group, 54.2% were employed, versus 40.6% in the mild-moderate impairment group and 31.0% in the severe impairment group. In the intact memory function group, 29.2% were unable to work, versus 40.6% in the mild-moderate impairment group and 56.3% in the severe impairment group. After multivariate adjustment, increasing levels of memory impairment predicted a decreased likelihood of being employed: odds ratio (OR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.48-1.02 for the mild-moderate impairment group and OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32-1.00 for the severe impairment group. Participants with memory impairment were more likely to report being unable to work: OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.90-2.04 for the mild-moderate impairment group, and OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.12-3.55 for the severe impairment group. These findings were statistically significant only in the severe impairment groups.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that severe memory impairment is an important factor associated with employment status in persons with SLE.

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality, and is responsible for more than 2 million deaths a year. Reports about extremely drug resistant (XDR) strains have further heightened the sense of urgency for the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat TB. Detailed knowledge of the epitopes recognized by immune responses can aid in vaccine and diagnostics development, and provides important tools for basic research. The analysis of epitope data corresponding to M. tuberculosis can also identify gaps in our knowledge, and suggest potential areas for further research and discovery. The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) is compiled mainly from literature sources, and describes a broad array of source organisms, including M. tuberculosis and other Mycobacterial species.

DESCRIPTION

A comprehensive analysis of IEDB data regarding the genus Mycobacteria was performed. The distribution of antibody/B cell and T cell epitopes was analyzed in terms of their associated recognition cell type effector function and chemical properties. The various species, strains and proteins which the epitope were derived, were also examined. Additional variables considered were the host in which the epitopes were defined, the specific TB disease state associated with epitope recognition, and the HLA associated with disease susceptibility and endemic regions were also scrutinized. Finally, based on these results, standardized reference datasets of mycobacterial epitopes were generated.

CONCLUSION

All current TB-related epitope data was cataloged for the first time from the published literature. The resulting inventory of more than a thousand different epitopes should prove a useful tool for the broad scientific community. Knowledge gaps specific to TB epitope data were also identified. In summary, few non-peptidic or post-translationally modified epitopes have been defined. Most importantly epitopes have apparently been defined from only 7% of all ORFs, and the top 30 most frequently studied protein antigens contain 65% of the epitopes, leaving the majority of M. tuberculosis genome unexplored. A lack of information related to the specific strains from which epitopes are derived is also evident. Finally, the generation of reference lists of mycobacterial epitopes should also facilitate future vaccine and diagnostic research.