Edward Hsiao, MD, PhD
Professor in Residence
EDUCATION/CLINICAL TRAINING
MD: MD, PhD, Johns Hopkins Medical School, 2001
Residency: Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, Internal Medicine, 2001-2004
Fellowship: UCSF, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2004-2007
Board Certifications: Internal Medicine, 2004; Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006
ACADEMIC INTERESTS
My research is driven by a desire to understand how major hormonal and regulatory pathways determine the specification, differentiation, and morphogenesis of mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat. Mis-regulation of these pathways leads to significant medical diseases, including the inappropriate formation of mineralized tissues in atherosclerosis, heterotopic ossification, and cancer.
My research focuses on understanding how these regulatory signals control normal and pathologic tissue formation as a way to identifying new therapeutic avenues for treating human diseases. Our laboratory takes a comprehensive approach to understanding hormone signaling in human diseases using synthetic biology approaches, mouse models, and human stem cell models.
By combining multiple approaches with state-of-the art methods, our laboratory is working to develop a broader understanding of the biology underlying skeletal development, devise novel therapeutic approaches for treating human skeletal disorders and bone injuries, and examine how hormone signals affect important tissues such as fat, muscle, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels.
CLINICAL INTERESTS:
General Endocrinology with an interest in inherited skeletal diseases, including fibrous dysplasia of the bone (FD), McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP).
Appointments: 415-353-2350
Availability: General Endocrinology, 3rd Tuesday PM of each month
Laboratory website: https://hsiaolab.ucsf.edu
Education
Websites
Publications
Azad AA, Bressel M, Tan H, Voskoboynik M, Suder A, Weickhardt AJ, Guminski A, Francis RJ, Saghebi J, Dhiantravan N, Joshua AM, Emmett L, Horvath L, Murphy DG, Hsiao E, Balakrishnar B, Lin P, Redfern A, Macdonald W, Ng S, Lee ST, Pattison DA, Nadebaum D, Kirkwood ID, Hofman MS, UpFrontPSMA Study Team. Sequential [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and docetaxel versus docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (UpFrontPSMA): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 study. The Lancet. Oncology 2024. PMID: 39293461
Qi L, Groeger M, Sharma A, Goswami I, Chen E, Zhong F, Ram A, Healy K, Hsiao EC, Willenbring H, Stahl A. Adipocyte inflammation is the primary driver of hepatic insulin resistance in a human iPSC-based microphysiological system. Nature communications 2024. PMID: 39266553
Hébert M, Babic K, Hsiao EC, Afshar A, Acharya N, Gonzales JA. Inhibition of choroidal osteoma progression using bisphosphonate and RANKL-inhibitory treatment. American journal of ophthalmology case reports 2024. PMID: 39314250
Patel A, Dada A, Saggi S, Yamada H, Ambati VS, Goldstein E, Hsiao E, Mummaneni VP. Personalized Approaches to Spine Surgery. International journal of spine surgery 2024. PMID: 39191475
Haviv R, Zeitlin L, Moshe V, Ziv A, Rabinowicz N, De Benedetti F, Prencipe G, Matteo V, De Cunto CL, Hsiao EC, Uziel Y. Long term use of interleukin-1 inhibitors reduce flare activity in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2024. PMID: 38733591
Lounev V, Groppe JC, Brewer N, Wentworth KL, Smith V, Xu M, Schomburg L, Bhargava P, Al Mukaddam M, Hsiao EC, Shore EM, Pignolo RJ, Kaplan FS. MMP-9 deficiency confers resilience in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva in a man and mice. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2024. PMID: 38477818
Diolintzi A, Pervin MS, Hsiao EC. Immunologic Aspects in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Biomolecules 2024. PMID: 38540775
Juan C, Bancroft AC, Choi JH, Nunez JH, Pagani CA, Lin YS, Hsiao EC, Levi B. Intersections of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Traumatic Heterotopic Ossification. Biomolecules 2024. PMID: 38540768
Lung H, Wentworth KL, Moody T, Zamarioli A, Ram A, Ganesh G, Kang M, Ho S, Hsiao EC. Wnt pathway inhibition with the porcupine inhibitor LGK974 decreases trabecular bone but not fibrosis in a murine model with fibrotic bone. JBMR plus 2024. PMID: 38577521
Pignolo RJ, Al Mukaddam M, Baujat G, Brown MA, De Cunto C, Hsiao EC, Keen R, Le Quan Sang KH, Grogan DR, Marino R, Strahs AR, Kaplan FS. Study methodology and insights from the palovarotene clinical development program in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. BMC medical research methodology 2023. PMID: 37957586
Kazmi M, Zhang WR, Hsiao E, Gross A, Grouse K, Link TM, Tetzlaff M, Theodosopoulos P, Haemel A. Frontal bone loss following coronal brow lift: A mimicker of head variant linear morphea. JAAD case reports 2023. PMID: 37842147
Groeger M, Matsuo K, Heidary Arash E, Pereira A, Le Guillou D, Pino C, Telles-Silva KA, Maher JJ, Hsiao EC, Willenbring H. Modeling and therapeutic targeting of inflammation-induced hepatic insulin resistance using human iPSC-derived hepatocytes and macrophages. Nature communications 2023. PMID: 37400454
Apsel Winger B, Devine WP, Hsiao EC, Zapala M, Van Ziffle J, Gupta N, Frieden IJ, Shimano KA. EML4::ALK fusions in complex lymphatic malformations. Pediatric blood & cancer 2023. PMID: 37377128
Niu I, Hsiao EC, Wustrack R, Wysolmerski JJ, Dann P, Masharani U. A Case of Hypercalcemia from PTHrP-Producing Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Responsive to Glucocorticoid Therapy. Calcified tissue international 2023. PMID: 37358786
Chandran M, Alves I, Carpenter T, Davis M, Hsiao EC, Petryk A, Semler JO, Sleiman M. Improving care pathways for people living with rare bone diseases (RBDs): outcomes from the first RBD Summit. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 2023. PMID: 37294334
M. Al Mukaddam, G. Baujat, A.M. Cheung, C. De Cunto, E.C. Hsiao, R. Keen, J. Marden, J. Signorovitch, E. Boing, R. Marino, A. Strahs, R.J. Pignolo. CO32 Heterotopic Ossification in Palovarotene-Treated and Untreated Individuals with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: Matched and Weighted Analyses. Value in Health 2023. PMID:
Lindborg CM, Al Mukaddam M, Baujat G, Cho TJ, De Cunto CL, Delai PLR, Eekhoff EMW, Haga N, Hsiao EC, Morhart R, de Ruiter R, Scott C, Seemann P, Szczepanek M, Tabarkiewicz J, Pignolo RJ, Kaplan FS. Most Fractures Treated Nonoperatively in Individuals With Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Heal With a Paucity of Flareups, Heterotopic Ossification, and Loss of Mobility. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2023. PMID: 37156007
Qi L, Matsuo K, Pereira A, Lee YT, Zhong F, He Y, Zushin PH, Gr?ger M, Sharma A, Willenbring H, Hsiao EC, Stahl A. Human iPSC-Derived Proinflammatory Macrophages cause Insulin Resistance in an Isogenic White Adipose Tissue Microphysiological System. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 2023. PMID: 37104853
Wallace H, Lee RH, Hsiao EC. A follow-up report on the published paper Social and clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2023. PMID: 36941608
Pignolo RJ, Hsiao EC, Al Mukaddam M, Baujat G, Berglund SK, Brown MA, Cheung AM, De Cunto C, Delai P, Haga N, Kannu P, Keen R, Le Quan Sang KH, Mancilla EE, Marino R, Strahs A, Kaplan FS. Reduction of New Heterotopic Ossification (HO) in the Open-Label, Phase 3 MOVE Trial of Palovarotene for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP). Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2022. PMID: 36583535
Robert J Pignolo, Edward C Hsiao, Mona Al Mukaddam, Geneviève Baujat, Staffan K Berglund, Matthew A Brown, Angela M Cheung, Carmen De Cunto, Patricia Delai, Nobuhiko Haga, Peter Kannu, Richard Keen, Kim-Hanh Le Quan Sang, Edna E Mancilla, Rose Marino, Andrew Strahs, Frederick S Kaplan. The effects of palovarotene in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a plain language summary. Future Rare Diseases 2023. PMID:
Wentworth KL, Lalonde RL, Groppe JC, Brewer N, Moody T, Hansberry S, Taylor K, Shore EM, Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ, Yelick PC, Hsiao EC. Functional testing of BMP pathway variants identified on whole exome sequencing in a patient with delayed-onset fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) using ACVR1R206H -specific human cellular and zebrafish models. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2022. PMID: 36153796
Isabella Niu, Edward Hsiao, Rosanna Wustrack, John Wysolmerski, Pamela Dann, Umesh Masharani. PSAT208 A Case of Hypercalcemia From PTHrP-Producing Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Responsive to Glucocorticoid Therapy. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2022. PMID:
Yang YS, Kim JM, Xie J, Chaugule S, Lin C, Ma H, Hsiao E, Hong J, Chun H, Shore EM, Kaplan FS, Gao G, Shim JH. Suppression of heterotopic ossification in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva using AAV gene delivery. Nature communications 2022. PMID: 36258013
Pignolo RJ, Baujat G, Brown MA, De Cunto C, Hsiao EC, Keen R, Al Mukaddam M, Le Quan Sang KH, Wilson A, Marino R, Strahs A, Kaplan FS. The natural history of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: A prospective, global 36-month study. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 2022. PMID: 36152026
Singh S, Morshed S, Motamedi D, Kidane J, Paul A, Hsiao EC, Wentworth KL. Identification of Risk Factors in the Development of Heterotopic Ossification after Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty. 2022. PMID: 35451005
Pignolo RJ, Baujat G, Hsiao EC, Keen R, Wilson A, Packman J, Strahs AL, Grogan DR, Kaplan FS. Palovarotene for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Phase 2 Trial. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2022. PMID: 35854638
Eekhoff EMW, de Ruiter RD, Smilde BJ, Schoenmaker T, Vries TJ, Netelenbos C, Hsiao EC, Scott C, Haga N, Grunwald Z, De Cunto CL, Di Rocco M, Delai P, Diecidue R, Madhuri V, Cho TJ, Morhart R, Friedman C, Zasloff M, Pals G, Shim JH, Gao G, Kaplan F, Pignolo RJ, Micha D. Gene therapy for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): feasibility and obstacles. 2022. PMID: 35502479
Yu X, Ton AN, Niu Z, Morales BM, Chen J, Braz J, Lai MH, Barruet E, Liu H, Cheung K, Ali S, Chan T, Bigay K, Ho J, Nikolli I, Hansberry S, Wentworth K, Kriegstein A, Basbaum A, Hsiao EC. An ACVR1 activating mutation causes neuropathic pain and sensory neuron hyperexcitability in humans. 2022. PMID: 35442931
Kou S, Kile S, Kambampati SS, Brady EC, Wallace H, De Sousa CM, Cheung K, Dickey L, Wentworth KL, Hsiao EC. Social and clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. 2022. PMID: 35246171
Matsuo K, Lepinski A, Chavez RD, Barruet E, Pereira A, Moody TA, Ton AN, Sharma A, Hellman J, Tomoda K, Nakamura MC, Hsiao EC. Corrigendum to "ACVR1R206H extends inflammatory responses in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages" [Bone. 153 2021 Dec; 116129. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2021.116129. Epub 2021 Jul 24. PMID: 34311122]. 2022. PMID: 35241401
Quigley J, Sammel AM, Laurent R, Brewer J, Hsiao E, Schembri G, Fraser CL. The Clinical Significance of Small Vessel Vasculitis on Temporal Artery Biopsies. 2022. PMID: 35195542
M Al Mukaddam, G Baujat, A Houchard, EC Hsiao, R Keen, R Marino, RJ Pignolo, FS Kaplan. POSC373 Use of Aids, Assistive Devices and Adaptations by Individuals with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): 36-Month Results from a Global Natural History Study. Value in Health 2022. PMID:
Huppert LA, Hsu G, Elnachef N, Flint L, Frank JA, Gensler LS, Hsiao EC, Khanna RR, Qasim A, Schwartz BS, Widera E, Zapata C, Babik JM. A single center evaluation of applicant experiences in virtual interviews across eight internal medicine subspecialty fellowship programs. Medical education online 2021. PMID: 34187346
de Ruiter RD, Smilde BJ, Pals G, Bravenboer N, Knaus P, Schoenmaker T, Botman E, Sánchez-Duffhues G, Pacifici M, Pignolo RJ, Shore EM, van Egmond M, Van Oosterwyck H, Kaplan FS, Hsiao EC, Yu PB, Bocciardi R, De Cunto CL, Longo Ribeiro Delai P, de Vries TJ, Hilderbrandt S, Jaspers RT, Keen R, Koolwijk P, Morhart R, Netelenbos JC, Rustemeyer T, Scott C, Stockklausner C, Ten Dijke P, Triffit J, Ventura F, Ravazzolo R, Micha D, Eekhoff EMW. Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: What Have We Achieved and Where Are We Now? Follow-up to the 2015 Lorentz Workshop. 2021. PMID: 34858325
Barruet E, Garcia SM, Wu J, Morales BM, Tamaki S, Moody T, Pomerantz JH, Hsiao EC. Modeling the ACVR1R206H mutation in human skeletal muscle stem cells. 2021. PMID: 34755602
Kou S, Kile S, Kambampati SS, Brady EC, Wallace H, De Sousa CM, Cheung K, Dickey L, Wentworth KL, Hsiao E. Social and Clinical Impact of COVID-19 on Patients with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Research square 2021. PMID: 34545360
Pignolo RJ, Hsiao EC, Baujat G, Lapidus D, Sherman A, Kaplan FS. Prevalence of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in the United States: estimate from three treatment centers and a patient organization. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2021. PMID: 34353327
Warner SE, Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ, Smith SE, Hsiao EC, De Cunto C, Di Rocco M, Harnett K, Grogan D, Genant HK. Whole-body Computed Tomography Versus Dual Energy X‑ray Absorptiometry for Assessing Heterotopic Ossification in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Calcified tissue international 2021. PMID: 34331548
Matsuo K, Lepinski A, Chavez RD, Barruet E, Pereira A, Moody TA, Ton AN, Sharma A, Hellman J, Tomoda K, Nakamura MC, Hsiao EC. ACVR1R206H extends inflammatory responses in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages. Bone 2021. PMID: 34311122
Kaplan FS, Teachey DT, Andolina JR, Siegel DM, Mancilla EE, Hsiao EC, Al Mukaddam M, Rocke DM, Pignolo RJ. Off-on-off-on use of imatinib in three children with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Bone 2021. PMID: 34022457
Hsuan Lung, Tania Moody, Kelly Wentworth, Misun Kang, Sunita Ho, Edward Hsiao. Global Wnt Inhibition With a Porcupine Inhibitor Decreases Established Trabecular Bone in a Mouse Model of Fibrous Dysplasia. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2021. PMID:
Hofman MS, Emmett L, Sandhu S, Iravani A, Joshua AM, Goh JC, Pattison DA, Tan TH, Kirkwood ID, Ng S, Francis RJ, Gedye C, Rutherford NK, Weickhardt A, Scott AM, Lee ST, Kwan EM, Azad AA, Ramdave S, Redfern AD, Macdonald W, Guminski A, Hsiao E, Chua W, Lin P, Zhang AY, McJannett MM, Stockler MR, Violet JA, Williams SG, Martin AJ, Davis ID, TheraP Trial Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials. [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet (London, England) 2021. PMID: 33581798
Khan F, Yu X, Hsiao EC. Cardiopulmonary and Neurologic Dysfunctions in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Biomedicines 2021. PMID: 33562570
M Al Mukaddam, C Stockklausner, RJ Pignolo, G Baujat, MA Brown, C De Cunto, M Di Rocco, EC Hsiao, R Keen, K-H Le Quan Sang, A Strahs, R Marino, FS Kaplan. A Global Natural History Study of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): 12-Month Outcomes. Osteologie/Osteology 2021. PMID:
RJ Pignolo, JO Semler, M Al Mukaddam, G Baujat, C De Cunto, EC Hsiao, R Keen, K Harnett, R Marino, FS Kaplan. Longitudinal and Flare-Up-Specific Biomarkers in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): Data from a Global Natural History Study. Osteologie/Osteology 2021. PMID:
R Keen, C Stockklausner, M Al Mukaddam, G Baujat, C De Cunto, EC Hsiao, RJ Pignolo, K Harnett, R Marino, FS Kaplan. Medications Used by Individuals with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): Data from a Global Natural History Study. Osteologie/Osteology 2021. PMID:
EC Hsiao, JO Semler, M Al Mukaddam, G Baujat, C De Cunto, R Keen, RJ Pignolo, K Harnett, R Marino, FS Kaplan. Use of Assistive Devices and Adaptations by Individuals with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): Data from a Global Natural History Study. Osteologie/Osteology 2021. PMID:
Huppert LA, Hsiao EC, Cho KC, Marquez C, Chaudhry RI, Frank J, Goglin SE, Hsu G, Kathpalia P, Khanna R, Kompala T, Rao MN, Bower BA, Trafas V, Santhosh L, Schwartz BS, Babik JM. Virtual Interviews at Graduate Medical Education Training Programs: Determining Evidence-Based Best Practices. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2020. PMID: 33298691
Robert J. Pignolo, Geneviève Baujat, Matthew A. Brown, Carmen De Cunto, Maja Di Rocco, Edward C. Hsiao, Richard Keen, Mona Al Mukaddam, Kim Hanh Le Quan Sang, Andrew Strahs, Rose Marino, Frederick S. Kaplan. A natural history study of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP): 12-month outcome results. Bone reports 2020. PMID:
Robert J. Pignolo, Geneviève Baujat, Matthew A. Brown, Carmen De Cunto, Maja Di Rocco, Edward C. Hsiao, Richard Keen, Mona Al Mukaddam, Andrew Strahs, Donna R. Grogan, Rose Marino, Frederick S. Kaplan. Measuring outcomes in ultra-rare bone diseases: Methodology of the palovarotene fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva clinical development programme. Bone reports 2020. PMID:
Mona Al Mukaddam, Robert J. Pignolo, Geneviève Baujat, Matthew A Brown, Cunto Carmen De, Rocco Maja Di, Edward C. Hsiao, Richard Keen, Quan Sang Kim-Hanh Le, Andrew Strahs, Rose Marino, Frederick S Kaplan. A global natural history study of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): 12-month outcomes. Endocrine Abstracts 2020. PMID:
Kou S, De Cunto C, Baujat G, Wentworth KL, Grogan DR, Brown MA, Di Rocco M, Keen R, Al Mukaddam M, le Quan Sang KH, Masharani U, Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ, Hsiao EC. Patients with ACVR1R206H mutations have an increased prevalence of cardiac conduction abnormalities on electrocardiogram in a natural history study of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2020. PMID: 32727600
Sukhmani Singh, Joseph Kidane, Kelly Lee Wentworth, Daria Motamedi, Saam Morshed, Edward Chiaming Hsiao. MON-348 Surgical Management of Bilateral Hip Fracture in a Patient with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Treated with Palovarotene. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2020. PMID:
Emilie Barruet, Steven Garcia, Stanley Tamaki, Blanca M Morales, Jake Wu, Tania Moody, Jason H Pomerantz, Edward Chiaming Hsiao. MON-710 ACVR1 Activation in Primary and iPS-Derived Human Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells Impairs Myogenic Transcriptional Signature and Function. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2020. PMID:
Mona Al Mukaddam, Robert J Pignolo, Geneviève Baujat, Matthew A Brown, Carmen De Cunto, Maja Di Rocco, Edward C Hsiao, Richard W Keen, Kim-Hanh Le Quan Sang, Andrew Strahs, Rose Marino, Frederick S Kaplan. OR29-05 A Natural History Study of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): 12-Month Outcomes. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2020. PMID:
Samuel Kou, Carmen DeCunto, Geneviève Baujat, Kelly Lee Wentworth, Donna Grogan, Matthew A Brown, Maja D Rocco, Richard Keen, Mona Al Mukaddam, Frederick S Kaplan, Robert J Pignolo, Edward Chiaming Hsiao. SUN-344 Patients with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Have an Increased Prevalence of Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2020. PMID:
Hsuan Lung, Kelly Wentworth, Tania Moody, Misun Kang, Sunita Ho, Edward Hsiao. SUN-368 Wnt Inhibition Decreases Trabecular Bone in a Mouse Model of Fibrous Dysplasia. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2020. PMID:
Singh S, Kidane J, Wentworth KL, Motamedi D, Morshed S, Schober AE, Hsiao EC. Surgical management of bilateral hip fractures in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva treated with the RAR-? agonist palovarotene: a case report. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2020. PMID: 32245464
Pignolo RJ, Cheung K, Kile S, Fitzpatrick MA, De Cunto C, Al Mukaddam M, Hsiao EC, Baujat G, Delai P, Eekhoff EMW, Di Rocco M, Grunwald Z, Haga N, Keen R, Levi B, Morhart R, Scott C, Sherman A, Zhang K, Kaplan FS. Self-reported baseline phenotypes from the International Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) Association Global Registry. Bone 2020. PMID: 32062004
Lung H, Hsiao EC, Wentworth KL. Advances in Models of Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome. Frontiers in endocrinology 2020. PMID: 32038487
Matsuo K, Chavez RD, Barruet E, Hsiao EC. Inflammation in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Other Forms of Heterotopic Ossification. Current osteoporosis reports 2019. PMID: 31721068
Pignolo RJ, Baujat G, Brown MA, De Cunto C, Di Rocco M, Hsiao EC, Keen R, Al Mukaddam M, Sang KLQ, Wilson A, White B, Grogan DR, Kaplan FS. Correction to: Natural history of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: cross-sectional analysis of annotated baseline phenotypes. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2019. PMID: 31122250
Pignolo RJ, Baujat G, Brown MA, De Cunto C, Di Rocco M, Hsiao EC, Keen R, Al Mukaddam M, Sang KLQ, Wilson A, White B, Grogan DR, Kaplan FS. Natural history of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: cross-sectional analysis of annotated baseline phenotypes. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2019. PMID: 31053156
Pennings I, van Dijk LA, van Huuksloot J, Fledderus JO, Schepers K, Braat AK, Hsiao EC, Barruet E, Morales BM, Verhaar MC, Rosenberg AJWP, Gawlitta D. Effect of donor variation on osteogenesis and vasculogenesis in hydrogel cocultures. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 2019. PMID: 30650247
Back M, Jayamanne DT, Brazier D, Newey A, Bailey D, Schembri GP, Hsiao E, Khasraw M, Wong M, Kastelan M, Guo L, Clarke S, Wheeler H. Influence of molecular classification in anaplastic glioma for determining outcome and future approach to management. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2019. PMID: 30677248
Wentworth KL, Masharani U, Hsiao EC. Therapeutic advances for blocking heterotopic ossification in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2018. PMID: 30501012
Barruet E, Morales BM, Cain CJ, Ton AN, Wentworth KL, Chan TV, Moody TA, Haks MC, Ottenhoff TH, Hellman J, Nakamura MC, Hsiao EC. NF-?B/MAPK activation underlies ACVR1-mediated inflammation in human heterotopic ossification. JCI insight 2018. PMID: 30429363
Hsiao EC, Di Rocco M, Cali A, Zasloff M, Al Mukaddam M, Pignolo RJ, Grunwald Z, Netelenbos C, Keen R, Baujat G, Brown MA, Cho TJ, De Cunto C, Delai P, Haga N, Morhart R, Scott C, Zhang K, Diecidue RJ, Friedman CS, Kaplan FS, Eekhoff EMW. Special considerations for clinical trials in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). British journal of clinical pharmacology 2018. PMID: 30281842
Chan DL, Hsiao E, Schembri G, Bailey DL, Roach PJ, Lee A, Jayamanne D, Ghasemzadeh M, Hayes A, Cook R, Parkinson J, Drummond JP, Ibbett I, Wheeler HR, Back M. FET PET in the evaluation of indeterminate brain lesions on MRI: Differentiating glioma from other non-neoplastic causes - A pilot study. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2018. PMID: 30243602
Gild ML, Naik N, Hoang J, Hsiao E, McGrath RT, Sywak M, Sidhu S, Delbridge LW, Robinson BG, Schembri G, Clifton-Bligh RJ. Role of DOTATATE-PET/CT in preoperative assessment of phaeochromocytoma and paragangliomas. Clinical endocrinology 2018. PMID: 29741215
Hruby G, Eade T, Emmett L, Ho B, Hsiao E, Schembri G, Guo L, Kwong C, Hunter J, Byrne K, Kneebone A. 68 Ga-PSMA-PET/CT staging prior to definitive radiation treatment for prostate cancer. Asia-Pacific journal of clinical oncology 2018. PMID: 29663686
Bauer AH, Bonham J, Gutierrez L, Hsiao EC, Motamedi D. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a current review of imaging findings. Skeletal radiology 2018. PMID: 29445932
Wentworth KL, Bigay K, Chan TV, Ho JP, Morales BM, Connor J, Brooks E, Shahriar Salamat M, Sanchez HC, Wool G, Pignolo RJ, Kaplan FS, Hsiao EC. Clinical-pathological correlations in three patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Bone 2017. PMID: 29033382
Ho L, Wang L, Roth TM, Pan Y, Verdin EM, Hsiao EC, Nissenson RA. Sirtuin-3 Promotes Adipogenesis, Osteoclastogenesis, and Bone Loss in Aging Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017. PMID: 28911171
Mantick N, Bachman E, Baujat G, Brown M, Collins O, De Cunto C, Delai P, Eekhoff M, Zum Felde R, Grogan DR, Haga N, Hsiao E, Kantanie S, Kaplan F, Keen R, Milosevic J, Morhart R, Pignolo R, Qian X, di Rocco M, Scott C, Sherman A, Wallace M, Williams N, Zhang K, Bogard B. The FOP Connection Registry: Design of an international patient-sponsored registry for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Bone 2017. PMID: 28866367
Kaplan FS, Andolina JR, Adamson PC, Teachey DT, Finklestein JZ, Ebb DH, Whitehead B, Jacobs B, Siegel DM, Keen R, Hsiao E, Pignolo RJ. Early clinical observations on the use of imatinib mesylate in FOP: A report of seven cases. Bone 2017. PMID: 28736245
Barruet E, Hsiao EC. Application of human induced pluripotent stem cells to model fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Bone 2017. PMID: 28716551
Roach PJ, Francis R, Emmett L, Hsiao E, Kneebone A, Hruby G, Eade T, Nguyen QA, Thompson BD, Cusick T, McCarthy M, Tang C, Ho B, Stricker PD, Scott AM. The Impact of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT on Management Intent in Prostate Cancer: Results of an Australian Prospective Multicenter Study. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2017. PMID: 28646014
Kanthan GL, Hsiao E, Vu D, Schembri GP. Uptake in sympathetic ganglia on 68 Ga-PSMA-HBED PET/CT: A potential pitfall in scan interpretation. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2017. PMID: 28623872
Di Rocco M, Baujat G, Bertamino M, Brown M, De Cunto CL, Delai PLR, Eekhoff EMW, Haga N, Hsiao E, Keen R, Morhart R, Pignolo RJ, Kaplan FS. International physician survey on management of FOP: a modified Delphi study. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2017. PMID: 28606101
Schmitt CE, Morales BM, Schmitz EMH, Hawkins JS, Lizama CO, Zape JP, Hsiao EC, Zovein AC. Fluorescent tagged episomals for stoichiometric induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. Stem cell research & therapy 2017. PMID: 28583172
Chan M, Hsiao E, Turner J. Cerebellar Metastases From Prostate Cancer on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2017. PMID: 28033225
Chan DL, Pavlakis N, Schembri GP, Bernard EJ, Hsiao E, Hayes A, Barnes T, Diakos C, Khasraw M, Samra J, Eslick E, Roach PJ, Engel A, Clarke SJ, Bailey DL. Dual Somatostatin Receptor/FDG PET/CT Imaging in Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumours: Proposal for a Novel Grading Scheme with Prognostic Significance. Theranostics 2017. PMID: 28435454
Chan M, Hsiao E. Neurosarcoidosis on FET and FDG PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2017. PMID: 28045730
Niethamer TK, Larson AR, O'Neill AK, Bershteyn M, Hsiao EC, Klein OD, Pomerantz JH, Bush JO. EPHRIN-B1 Mosaicism Drives Cell Segregation in Craniofrontonasal Syndrome hiPSC-Derived Neuroepithelial Cells. Stem cell reports 2017. PMID: 28238796
Chan M, Hsiao E. Subacute Cortical Infarct Showing Uptake on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2017. PMID: 27997426
Drake MT, Collins MT, Hsiao EC. The Rare Bone Disease Working Group: report from the 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Annual Meeting. Bone 2017. PMID: 28115283
Chan M, Schembri GP, Hsiao E. Serous Cystadenoma of the Pancreas Showing Uptake on 68Ga PSMA PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2017. PMID: 27764044
Hruby G, Eade T, Kneebone A, Emmett L, Guo L, Ho B, Hsiao E, Schembri G, Hunter J, Kwong C. Delineating biochemical failure with 68Ga-PSMA-PET following definitive external beam radiation treatment for prostate cancer. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2016. PMID: 28040309
Chan M, Hsiao E. Incidental Finding of Cerebellar Medulloblastoma on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in a Patient With Appendiceal Carcinoid. Clinical nuclear medicine 2016. PMID: 27607158
Hayashi Y, Hsiao EC, Sami S, Lancero M, Schlieve CR, Nguyen T, Yano K, Nagahashi A, Ikeya M, Matsumoto Y, Nishimura K, Fukuda A, Hisatake K, Tomoda K, Asaka I, Toguchida J, Conklin BR, Yamanaka S. BMP-SMAD-ID promotes reprogramming to pluripotency by inhibiting p16/INK4A-dependent senescence. Volume 113 of Issue 46. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2016. PMID: 27794120
Hsiao EC, Millard SM, Nissenson RA. Gs/Gi Regulation of Bone Cell Differentiation: Review and Insights from Engineered Receptors. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 2016. PMID: 27643449
Kanthan GL, Izard MA, Emmett L, Hsiao E, Schembri GP. Schwannoma Showing Avid Uptake on 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2016. PMID: 27405039
Barruet E, Morales BM, Lwin W, White MP, Theodoris CV, Kim H, Urrutia A, Wong SA, Srivastava D, Hsiao EC. The ACVR1 R206H mutation found in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva increases human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cell formation and collagen production through BMP-mediated SMAD1/5/8 signaling. Stem cell research & therapy 2016. PMID: 27530160
Wentworth K, Hsing A, Urrutia A, Zhu Y, Horvai AE, Bastepe M, Hsiao EC. A Novel T55A Variant of Gs a Associated with Impaired cAMP Production, Bone Fragility, and Osteolysis. Case reports in endocrinology 2016. PMID: 27579188
Kanthan GL, Schembri GP, Samra J, Roach P, Hsiao E. Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Thyroid Gland and Pancreas Showing Uptake on 68Ga DOTATATE PET/CT Scan. Clinical nuclear medicine 2016. PMID: 27055137
Kanthan GL, Hsiao E, Kneebone A, Eade T, Schembri GP. Desmoid Tumor Showing Intense Uptake on 68Ga PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2016. PMID: 26909712
Kanthan GL, Coyle L, Kneebone A, Schembri GP, Hsiao E. Follicular Lymphoma Showing Avid Uptake on 68Ga PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2016. PMID: 26914565
Cain CJ, Gaborit N, Lwin W, Barruet E, Ho S, Bonnard C, Hamamy H, Shboul M, Reversade B, Kayserili H, Bruneau BG, Hsiao EC. Loss of Iroquois homeobox transcription factors 3 and 5 in osteoblasts disrupts cranial mineralization. Bone reports 2016. PMID: 27453922
Kanthan GL, Drummond J, Schembri GP, Izard MA, Hsiao E. Follicular Thyroid Adenoma Showing Avid Uptake on 68Ga PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT. Clinical nuclear medicine 2016. PMID: 26646999
Cain CJ, Valencia JT, Ho S, Jordan K, Mattingly A, Morales BM, Hsiao EC. Increased Gs Signaling in Osteoblasts Reduces Bone Marrow and Whole-Body Adiposity in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016. PMID: 26901092
Barruet E, Hsiao EC. Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Skeletal Diseases. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2016. PMID: 25549831
Hindi SM, Wang Y, Jones KD, Nussbaum JC, Chang Y, Masharani U, Bikle D, Shoback DM, Hsiao EC. A Case of Hypercalcemia and Overexpression of CYP27B1 in Skeletal Muscle Lesions in a Patient with HIV Infection After Cosmetic Injections with Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for Wasting. Volume 97 of Issue 6. Calcified tissue international 2015. PMID: 26253396
Shah AD, Hsiao EC, O'Donnell B, Salmeen K, Nussbaum R, Krebs M, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Kaufmann M, Jones G, Bikle DD, Wang Y, Mathew AS, Shoback D, Block-Kurbisch I. Maternal Hypercalcemia Due to Failure of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 Catabolism in a Patient With CYP24A1 Mutations. Volume 100 of Issue 8. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2015. PMID: 26097993
Wang L, Hsiao EC, Lieu S, Scott M, O'Carroll D, Urrutia A, Conklin BR, Colnot C, Nissenson RA. Loss of Gi G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Osteoblasts Accelerates Bone Fracture Healing. Volume 30 of Issue 10. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2015. PMID: 25917236
Hong CW, Hsiao EC, Horvai AE, Link TM. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with an atypical presentation in an adult man. Skeletal radiology 2015. PMID: 25771734
Wattanachanya L, Wang L, Millard SM, Lu WD, O'Carroll D, Hsiao EC, Conklin BR, Nissenson RA. Assessing the osteoblast transcriptome in a model of enhanced bone formation due to constitutive Gs-G protein signaling in osteoblasts. Volume 333 of Issue 2. Experimental cell research 2015. PMID: 25704759
Orr AG, Hsiao EC, Wang MM, Ho K, Kim DH, Wang X, Guo W, Kang J, Yu GQ, Adame A, Devidze N, Dubal DB, Masliah E, Conklin BR, Mucke L. Astrocytic adenosine receptor A2A and Gs-coupled signaling regulate memory. Volume 18 of Issue 3. Nature neuroscience 2015. PMID: 25622143
Akil O, Hall-Glenn F, Chang J, Li A, Chang W, Lustig LR, Alliston T, Hsiao EC. Disrupted bone remodeling leads to cochlear overgrowth and hearing loss in a mouse model of fibrous dysplasia. PloS one 2014. PMID: 24788917
Schafer AL, Mumm S, El-Sayed I, McAlister WH, Horvai AE, Tom AM, Hsiao EC, Schaefer FV, Collins MT, Anderson MS, Whyte MP, Shoback DM. Panostotic expansile bone disease with massive jaw tumor formation and a novel mutation in the signal peptide of RANK. Volume 29 of Issue 4. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2014. PMID: 24014458
Bershteyn M, Hayashi Y, Desachy G, Hsiao EC, Sami S, Tsang KM, Weiss LA, Kriegstein AR, Yamanaka S, Wynshaw-Boris A. Cell-autonomous correction of ring chromosomes in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2014. PMID: 24413397
Matsumoto Y, Hayashi Y, Schlieve CR, Ikeya M, Kim H, Nguyen TD, Sami S, Baba S, Barruet E, Nasu A, Asaka I, Otsuka T, Yamanaka S, Conklin BR, Toguchida J, Hsiao EC. Induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with human fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva show increased mineralization and cartilage formation. Volume 8. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2013. PMID: 24321451
Schepers K, Pietras EM, Reynaud D, Flach J, Binnewies M, Garg T, Wagers AJ, Hsiao EC, Passegué E. Myeloproliferative neoplasia remodels the endosteal bone marrow niche into a self-reinforcing leukemic niche. Cell stem cell 2013. PMID: 23850243
Spindler MJ, Burmeister BT, Huang Y, Hsiao EC, Salomonis N, Scott MJ, Srivastava D, Carnegie GK, Conklin BR. AKAP13 Rho-GEF and PKD-binding domain deficient mice develop normally but have an abnormal response to ß-adrenergic-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Volume 8 of Issue 4. PloS one 2013. PMID: 23658642
Schepers K, Hsiao EC, Garg T, Scott MJ, Passegué E. Activated Gs signaling in osteoblastic cells alters the hematopoietic stem cell niche in mice. Blood 2012. PMID: 22859604
Kazakia GJ, Speer D, Shanbhag S, Majumdar S, Conklin BR, Nissenson RA, Hsiao EC. Mineral composition is altered by osteoblast expression of an engineered G(s)-coupled receptor. Volume 89 of Issue 1. Calcified tissue international 2011. PMID: 21526395
Hsiao EC, Nguyen TD, Ng JK, Scott MJ, Chang WC, Zahed H, Conklin BR. Constitutive Gs activation using a single-construct tetracycline-inducible expression system in embryonic stem cells and mice. Volume 2 of Issue 2. Stem cell research & therapy 2011. PMID: 21375737
van Laake LW, Qian L, Cheng P, Huang Y, Hsiao EC, Conklin BR, Srivastava D. Reporter-based isolation of induced pluripotent stem cell- and embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors reveals limited gene expression variance. Volume 107 of Issue 3. Circulation research 2010. PMID: 20558827
Hsiao EC, Boudignon BM, Halloran BP, Nissenson RA, Conklin BR. Gs G protein-coupled receptor signaling in osteoblasts elicits age-dependent effects on bone formation. Volume 25 of Issue 3. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2010. PMID: 20200944
Hsiao EC, Millard SM, Louie A, Huang Y, Conklin BR, Nissenson RA. Ligand-mediated activation of an engineered gs g protein-coupled receptor in osteoblasts increases trabecular bone formation. Volume 24 of Issue 3. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 2010. PMID: 20150184
Ali B, Hsiao E, Di Carli MF. Combined anatomic and perfusion imaging of the heart. Current cardiology reports 2010. PMID: 20425189
Conklin BR, Hsiao EC, Claeysen S, Dumuis A, Srinivasan S, Forsayeth JR, Guettier JM, Chang WC, Pei Y, McCarthy KD, Nissenson RA, Wess J, Bockaert J, Roth BL. Engineering GPCR signaling pathways with RASSLs. Volume 5 of Issue 8. Nature methods 2008. PMID: 18668035
Hsiao EC, Yoshinaga Y, Nguyen TD, Musone SL, Kim JE, Swinton P, Espineda I, Manalac C, deJong PJ, Conklin BR. Marking embryonic stem cells with a 2A self-cleaving peptide: a NKX2-5 emerald GFP BAC reporter. Volume 3 of Issue 7. PloS one 2008. PMID: 18596956
Ivey KN, Muth A, Arnold J, King FW, Yeh RF, Fish JE, Hsiao EC, Schwartz RJ, Conklin BR, Bernstein HS, Srivastava D. MicroRNA regulation of cell lineages in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Volume 2 of Issue 3. Cell stem cell 2008. PMID: 18371447
Hsiao EC, Boudignon BM, Chang WC, Bencsik M, Peng J, Nguyen TD, Manalac C, Halloran BP, Conklin BR, Nissenson RA. Osteoblast expression of an engineered Gs-coupled receptor dramatically increases bone mass. Volume 105 of Issue 4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008. PMID: 18212126
Chang WC, Ng JK, Nguyen T, Pellissier L, Claeysen S, Hsiao EC, Conklin BR. Modifying ligand-induced and constitutive signaling of the human 5-HT4 receptor. Volume 2 of Issue 12. PloS one 2007. PMID: 18338032
Kwon C, Arnold J, Hsiao EC, Taketo MM, Conklin BR, Srivastava D. Canonical Wnt signaling is a positive regulator of mammalian cardiac progenitors. Volume 104 of Issue 26. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007. PMID: 17576928
Peter Chang, Edward Hsiao, Alex C Zambon, Bruce R Conklin. A Series of RASSLs Activated by a Single Agonist. The FASEB Journal 2006. PMID:
Stretch JR, Somorjai R, Bourne R, Hsiao E, Scolyer RA, Dolenko B, Thompson JF, Mountford CE, Lean CL. Melanoma metastases in regional lymph nodes are accurately detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of fine-needle aspirate biopsy samples. Annals of surgical oncology 2005. PMID: 16177860
Zimmers TA, Jin X, Hsiao EC, Perez EA, Pierce RH, Chavin KD, Koniaris LG. Growth differentiation factor-15: induction in liver injury through p53 and tumor necrosis factor-independent mechanisms. The Journal of surgical research 2005. PMID: 16154591
Hsiao E, Charles R, Magid C, Nivatpumin P, Wiener CM. An unusual development. The American journal of medicine 2005. PMID: 15922691
Zimmers TA, Jin X, Hsiao EC, McGrath SA, Esquela AF, Koniaris LG. Growth differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 induction after kidney and lung injury. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 2005. PMID: 15897808
Nakakura EK, Sriuranpong VR, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Hsiao EC, Schuebel KE, Borges MW, Jin N, Collins BJ, Nelkin BD, Chen H, Ball DW. Regulation of neuroendocrine differentiation in gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor cells by notch signaling. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2005. PMID: 15870121
Hsiao E, Huynh T, Mansberg R, Bautovich G, Roach P. Diagnostic I-123 scintigraphy to assess potential breast uptake of I-131 before radioiodine therapy in a postpartum woman with thyroid cancer. Clinical nuclear medicine 2004. PMID: 15249829
Maruthur NM, Hsiao EC, Lee J, Nivatpumin P. Cases from the Osler medical service at Johns Hopkins University. The American journal of medicine 2004. PMID: 15047040
Huynh T, Mansberg R, Hsiao E, Coyle L, Roach P. Transient absence of hepatic uptake on gallium-67 scintigraphy following fludarabine therapy. Clinical nuclear medicine 2004. PMID: 15096981
Hsiao E, Mansberg R, Huynh T, Roach P. Pericarditis associated with cryptococcal meningitis on Ga-67 scintigraphy. Clinical nuclear medicine 2004. PMID: 14734914
Koniaris LG, Zimmers-Koniaris T, Hsiao EC, Chavin K, Sitzmann JV, Farber JM. Cytokine-responsive gene-2/IFN-inducible protein-10 expression in multiple models of liver and bile duct injury suggests a role in tissue regeneration. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2001. PMID: 11418676
Hsiao EC, Koniaris LG, Zimmers-Koniaris T, Sebald SM, Huynh TV, Lee SJ. Characterization of growth-differentiation factor 15, a transforming growth factor beta superfamily member induced following liver injury. Molecular and cellular biology 2000. PMID: 10779363
Hertel KJ, Lynch KW, Hsiao EC, Liu EH, Maniatis T. Structural and functional conservation of the Drosophila doublesex splicing enhancer repeat elements. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 1996. PMID: 8849774