Publications

BACKGROUND

Research suggests that access to firearms in the home increases the risk for violent death.

PURPOSE

To understand current estimates of the association between firearm availability and suicide or homicide.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were searched without limitations and a gray-literature search was performed on 23 August 2013.

STUDY SELECTION

All study types that assessed firearm access and outcomes between participants with and without firearm access. There were no restrictions on age, sex, or country.

DATA EXTRACTION

Two authors independently extracted data into a standardized, prepiloted data extraction form.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated, although published adjusted estimates were preferentially used. Summary effects were estimated using random- and fixed-effects models. Potential methodological reasons for differences in effects through subgroup analyses were explored.Data were pooled from 16 [not 15] observational studies that assessed he odds of suicide or homicide, yielding pooled ORs of 3.24(95% CI, 2.41 to 4.40) and 2.00 (CI, 1.56 to 3.02) [not 1.94 (CI, .44 to 2.93)], respectively [corrected], respectively. When only studies that used interviews to determine firearm accessibility were considered, the pooled OR for suicide was 3.14 (CI, 2.29 to 4.43).

LIMITATIONS

Firearm accessibility was determined by survey interviews in most studies; misclassification of accessibility may have occurred. Heterogeneous populations of varying risks were synthesized to estimate pooled odds of death.

CONCLUSION

Access to firearms is associated with risk for completed suicide and being the victim of homicide.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE

None.

OBJECTIVES

Describe tobacco companies' marketing strategies targeting low socioeconomic status (SES) females in the U.S.A.

METHODS

Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents.

RESULTS

Tobacco companies focused marketing on low SES women starting in the late 1970s, including military wives, low-income inner-city minority women, 'discount-susceptible' older female smokers and less-educated young white women. Strategies included distributing discount coupons with food stamps to reach the very poor, discount offers at point-of-sale and via direct mail to keep cigarette prices low, developing new brands for low SES females and promoting luxury images to low SES African-American women. More recently, companies integrated promotional strategies targeting low-income women into marketing plans for established brands.

CONCLUSIONS

Tobacco companies used numerous marketing strategies to reach low SES females in the U.S.A. for at least four decades. Strategies to counteract marketing to low SES women could include (1) counteracting price discounts and direct mail coupons that reduce the price of tobacco products, (2) instituting restrictions on point-of-sale advertising and retail display and (3) creating counteradvertising that builds resistance to psychosocial targeting of low SES women. To achieve health equity, tobacco control efforts are needed to counteract the influence of tobacco industry marketing to low-income women.

We explored associations between Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance-mediating polymorphisms and clinical presentations in parasitemic children enrolled in a cross-sectional survey in Tororo, Uganda, using a retrospective case-control design. All 243 febrile children (cases) and 243 randomly selected asymptomatic children (controls) were included. In a multivariate analysis adjusting for age, complexity of infection, and parasite density, the prevalence of wild-type genotypes was significantly higher in febrile children compared to asymptomatic children (pfcrt K76T: odds ratio [OR] 4.41 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.28-15.1]; pfmdr1 N86Y: OR 4.08 [95% CI, 2.01-8.31], and pfmdr1 D1246Y: OR 4.90 [95% CI, 1.52-15.8]), suggesting greater virulence for wild-type parasites.