Cardiology:

ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials. Circulation 1998;97: 2202-12.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/97/22/2202

Andersen, HR et a. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 733-742.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/349/8/733

Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994; 308: 81-106.

Antman, EM et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA 2000; 284: 835-42.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/284/7/835

Antman, EM et al. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta-analysis. Circulation1999; 100:1602-8.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/100/15/1602

The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Investigators. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002 Dec 5; 347:1825-33.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/347/23/1825

Cannon, CP et al. Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1495-1504.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/350/15/1495

The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators . Effects of Clopidogrel in Addition to Aspirin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST-Segment Elevation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494-502.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/345/7/494

Colucci, WS et a. Intravenous Nesiritide, a Natriuretic Peptide, in the Treatment of Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 246-253.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/343/4/246

Hamm, CW et al. Emergency Room Triage of Patients with Acute Chest Pain by Means of Rapid Testing for Cardiac Troponin T or Troponin I. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1648-1653.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/337/23/1648

Henrikson, CA et al. Chest pain relief by nitroglycerin does not predict active coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 979-86.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/139/12/979

ISIS-1. First International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16,027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986; 2:57-66.

Mueller, C et al. Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the evaluation and management of acute dyspnea. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 647-54.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/350/7/647

Pitt, B et al. The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709-717.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/341/10/709

Poole-Wilson PA et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003 Jul 5; 362:7-13.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673603138007

Weber, JE et al. Validation of a brief observation period for patients with cocaine-associated chest pain. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:510-7.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/6/510

Endocrinology:

Annane, D et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288: 862-71.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/7/862

Black, DM et al. One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1-84) for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 555-65.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/6/555

Bone, HG et al. Ten years. experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1189-99.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/350/12/1189

Cholesterol Treatment Trialists. Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366: 1267-78
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-...6(05)67394-1

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/329/14/977

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2643-53.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/25/2643

Grumbach MM et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (.incidentaloma.). Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 424-29.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/138/5/424

Grundy, SM et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110: 227-39
http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/110/2/227

Hak, AE et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam study. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 270-78
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/132/4/270

Hamrahian, AH et al. Measurements of serum free cortisol in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1629-38.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/350/16/1629

Ho, JT et al. Septic shock and sepsis: A comparison of total and free plasma cortisol levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:105-14.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/1/105

Liberman, UA et al. Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1437-43.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/333/22/1437

Malmberg, K. et al. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 57-65
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=...ubmed_docsum

Malmberg, K. for the DIGAMI Study Group. Prospective randomized study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1997; 314: 1512-15.
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/314/7093/1512

Mandel, SJ. A 64-year-old woman with a thyroid nodule. JAMA 2004; 292: 2632-42.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/21/2632

UKPDS Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-53.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673698070196

UKPDS Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854-65.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673698070378

UKPDS Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-13.
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/317/7160/703

Van den Berghe, G. et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345; 1359-67.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/345/19/1359

Gastroenterology:

Bernard, B et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 1999;29:1655-1661.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...348/ABSTRACT

Blaise, M et al. Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1994;20:34-38
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...652/ABSTRACT

Chung RT, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med 2004;351:451-9.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/5/451

Cook D, et al. A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation: Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 791-797.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/12/791

Corley, DA et al. Octreotide for acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 946-54.
http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650850...739/abstract

Escorsell, A et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of terlipressin versus sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding: the TEST study. Hepatology 2000;32:471-476.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...921/ABSTRACT

Fernandez, J et al. A randomized unblinded pilot study comparing albumin versus hydroxyethyl starch in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis., Hepatology 2005;42:627-634.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...458/ABSTRACT

Feu, F et al. Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing terlipressin and somatostatin for acute variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1291-1299.
http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650859...842/abstract

Gines, P et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1990;12: 716-724
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...873/ABSTRACT

Groszmann, RJ et al. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2254-61.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/21/2254

Hadziyannis SJ, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003;348:800-7.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/9/800

Hanauer, SB et al. Oral Pentasa in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:379-388.
http://www.cghjournal.org/article/PIIS154235650400...223/abstract

Jaeckel, E et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with interferon alfa-2b. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1452-7.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/345/20/1452

Jenkins, SA et al. A multicentre randomised trial comparing octreotide and injection sclerotherapy in the management and outcome of acute variceal haemorrhage. Gut 1997;41:526-533.
http://gut.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/41/4/526

Kalambokis G, et al. The effects of chronic treatment with octreotide versus octreotide plus midodrine on systemic hemodynamics and renal hemodynamics and function in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:879-885.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j...2005.40899.x

Lau, JYW et al. Effect of intravenous omeprazole on recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. N Engl J Med 2000;343:310-6.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/343/5/310

Lemann, M et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled withdrawal trial in Crohn's disease patients in long-term remission on azathioprine. Gastroenterol 2005;128:1812-1818.
http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS001650850...488/abstract

Manns MP, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared wtih interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: A randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358:958-965.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673601061025

Marcellin P, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003;348:808-16.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/9/808

Muir AJ, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2b and Ribavirin for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2265-71.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/350/22/2265

Runyon, BA et al. The serum-ascites albumin gradient is superior to the exudates transudate concept in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(3):215-20.
http://www.annals.org/contents-by-date.0.shtml

Sort, P. et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:403-409.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/341/6/403

Stanley, MM et al. Peritoneovenous shunting as compared with medical treatment in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and massive ascites. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Treatment of Alcoholic Cirrhosis with Ascites. N Engl J Med 1989;321(24):1632-8.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/24/1632

Torriani FJ, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2004;351:438-50.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/5/438

Geriatrics:

1. Systems of Care:
   1. Hospitalized elders/ACE units:
      • Landefeld CS, Palmer MP, Kresevic DM, Fortinsky, RH, Kowal J. A randomized trial of care in a hospital medical unit especially designed to improve the functional outcomes of acutely ill older patients. NEJM 1995; 332:1338-44. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/332/20/1338.pdf
      • Covinsky KE, Palmer RM, Fortinsky RH, Counsell SR, Stewart AL, Kresevic D, Burant CJ, Landefeld CS. Loss of independence in activities of daily living in older adults hospitalized with medical illnesses: increased vulnerability with age. JAGS 2003; 51:451-58. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j...2003.51152.x
      • Leff B, Burton L, Mader SL et al. Hospital at home: feasibility and outcomes of a program to provide hospital-level care at home for acutely ill older patients. Annals Intern Med 2005;143:798-808. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/143/11/798.pdf
      • Naylor MD, Brooten D, Campbell R et al. Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders. JAMA 1999;281:613-20. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/281/7/613

   2. PACE
      • Eng C, Pedulla J, Eleazer GP, McCann R, Fox N. Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE): an innovative model of integrated geriatric care and financing. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Feb;45(2):223-32. PMID: 9033525
      • Bodenheimer T. Long-term care for frail elderly people . the On Lok model. NEJM 1999; 341:1324-28. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/341/17/1324.pd...cetype=HWCIT

   3. Prevention of frailty
      • Gill TM, Baker DI, Gottschalk M, Peduzzi PN, Allore H, Byers A. A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home. NEJM 2002;347:1068-74. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/347/14/1068.pdf
      • Gill TM, Desai MM, Gahbauer EA, Holford TR, Williams CS. Restricted activity among community-living older persons: incidence, precipitants, and heath care utilization. Annals Intern Med 2001:135:313-21. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/135/5/313.pdf
      • Thomas EJ, Brennan TA. Incidence and types of preventable adverse events in elderly patients: population based review of medical records. BMJ 2000;320:741-44. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/320/7237/741
      • Stuck AE, Egger M, Hammer A, Minder CE, Beck JC. Home visits to prevent nursing home admission and functional decline in elderly people. JAMA 2002;287:1022-28. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/287/8/1022

   4. Long term care/rehab
      • Hughes SL, Weaver FM, Giobbie-Hurder A, Manheim L, Henderson W, Kubal JD, Ulasevich A, Cummings J, Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Groups on Home-Based Primary Care. Effectiveness of team-managed home-based primary care. JAMA 2000;284:2877-85. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/284/22/2877

   5. Geriatric assessment
      • Cohen HJ, Feussner JR, Weinberger M et al. A controlled trial of inpatient and outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:905-12. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/346/12/905.pdf...cetype=HWCIT
      • Stuck AE, Aronow HU, Steiner A et al. A trial of annual in-home comprehensive geriatric assessments for elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1184-9. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/333/18/1184.pd...cetype=HWCIT

2. Geriatric Syndromes:
   1. General approach to the older patient:
      • UCOP powerpoint: Johnston 2001 http://www.ucop.edu/agrp/docs/sf_timedepend.ppt
      • Jackler RK. A 73-year-old man with hearing loss. JAMA 2003;289:1557-65. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/289/12/1557

   2. Delirium
      • Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier PA et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. NEJM 1999; 340:669-76. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/340/9/669.pdf
      • Inouye SK. Delirium in older patients. NEJM 2006;354:1157-65. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/354/11/1157.pd...cetype=HWCIT
      • Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, Resnick NM. Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:516-22. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j...2001.49108.x

   3. Depression
      • Cole MG, McCusker J, Elie M, Dendukuri N, Latimer E, Belzile E. Systematic detection and multidisciplinary care of depression in older medical inpatients: a randomized trial. CMAJ 2006; 174:38-44. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/174/1/38
      • Lapid MI, Rummans TA. Evaluation and management of geriatric depression in primary care. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:1423-29. http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F7811%2F...7811sg%2Epdf
      • Unutzer J, Katon W, Callahan CM, et al. Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2836-45. http://jama.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/288/22/2836

   4. Falls
      • Tinetti ME. Preventing falls in elderly persons. NEJM 2003;348:42-49. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/348/1/42.pdf

   5. Pressure ulcers
      • Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. Preventing pressure ulcers: A systematic review. JAMA 2006;296:974-84. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/8/974

   6. Incontinence
      • Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D, Diagnostic Aspects of Incontinence Study (DAISy) Research Group. The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence. Annals Intern Med 2006;144:715-23. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/144/10/715.pdf
      • Ouslander JG. Management of overactive bladder. NEJM 2004;350:786-99. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/350/8/786.pdf?...cetype=HWCIT
      • Holroyd-LeDuc JM, Straus JE. Management of urinary incontinence in women. JAMA 2004; 291:996-999. http://jama.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/291/8/996

   7. Dizziness:
      • Tinetti ME, Williams CS, Gill TM. Dizziness among older adults: a possible geriatric syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:337-44. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/132/5/337.pdf

3. Specific diseases:
   1. Dementia
      • AD2000. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer.s disease (AD2000): randomized double-blind trial. Lancet 2004;363:2105-15. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_ima...darticle.pdf
      • Knopman DS, Boeve BF, Petersen RC. Essentials of the proper diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and major subtypes of dementia. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:1290-1308. http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F7810%2F...7810sg%2Epdf
      • Finucane TE, Christmas C, Travis K. Tube-feeding in patients with advanced dementia. JAMA 1999;282:1365-70. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/282/14/1365
      • Wolfson C, Wolfson DB, Assgharian M, M.lan CE, Ostbye T, Rockwood K, Hogan DB, Clinical Progression of Dementia Study Group. A reevaluation of the duration of survival after the onset of dementia. NEJM 2001;344:1111-16. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/344/15/1111.pdf
      • Clarfield AM. The reversible dementias: do they reverse? Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:476-86.
      • Sink K et al. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA. 2005;293:596-608.

   2. Presentation/management of chronic conditions in elders
      • Phillips CO, Wright SM, Kern DE et al. Comprehensive discharge planning and postdischarge support for older patients with congestive heart failure. JAMA 2004;291:1358-67. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/291/11/1358
      • Chaudhry SI. Systolic hypertension in older persons. JAMA. 2004; 292:1074 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/292/9/1074

4. Prevention/screening
   1. Cancer screening/decision making
      • Walter LC, Covinsky KE. Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized decision making. JAMA 2001;285:2750-56. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/285/21/2750

   2. Decision support tools
      • Walter LC, Brand RJ, Counsell, SR, Palmer RM, Landefeld CS, Fortinsky RH, Covinsky KE. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 1-year mortality in older adults after hospitalization. JAMA 2001;285:2987-94. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/285/23/2987

5. Palliative Care/End of Life
   • Lunney JR, Lynn J, Foley DJ, Lipson S, Guralnik JM. Patterns of functional decline at the end of life. JAMA 2003;289:2387-92. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/289/18/2387
   • Fried TR, Bradley EH, Towle VR, Allore H. Understanding the treatment preferences of seriously ill patients. NEJM 2002;346:1061-66. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/346/14/1061.pdf
   • Lo B, Rushton D, Kates LW et al. Discussing religious and spiritual issues at the end of life. JAMA 2002;287:749-54. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/6/749
   • Lo B, Rubenfeld G. Palliative sedation in dying patients. JAMA 2005;294:1810-16. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/14/1810
   • Kagawa-Singer M, Blackhall LJ. Negotiating cross-cultural issues at the end of life. JAMA 2001;286:2993-3001 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/286/...de outcomes)
   • Von Gunten CF. Discussing Do-Not-Resuscitate status. J Clin Oncology 2001;19:1576-81. http://www.jco.org/cgi/reprint/19/5/1576

6. Nutrition
   • Milne AC, Avenell A, Potter J. Meta-analysis: protein and energy supplementation in older people. Annals Intern Med 2006;144:37-48. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/144/1/37.pdf
   • Williams LS. Feeding patients after stroke: who, when, and how. Annals Intern Med 2006;144:59-60. http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/144/1/59.pdf

Baglin, T et al. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet 2003; 362:523-6.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673603141116

Bucaneve, G et a. Levofloxacin to prevent bacterial infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 977-87.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/10/977

Crowther, MA et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1133.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/349/12/1133

Cullen, M et al. Antibacterial prophylaxis after chemotherapy for solid tumors and lymphomas. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 988-98.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/10/988

Hebert, PC et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 409-17.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/340/6/409

Quinlan, DJ et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 175-83.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/140/3/175

Stein, PD et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest 2001; 119: 220S.
http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/119/1_suppl/220S

Vichinsky, EP et al. Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. National Acute Chest Syndrome Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1855.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/342/25/1855

Wang, SE et a. Acetaminophen and diphenhydramine as premedication for platelet transfusions: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Hematol 2002; 70:191-4.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...Y=1&SRETRY=0

Warkentin, TE and Greinacher, A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004; 126: 311S.
http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/126/3_suppl/311S

Infectious Diseases:

Bozzette, SA et al. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1451.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/323/21/1451

Bucaneve G et al. Levofloxacin to prevent bacterial infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 977-987
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/10/977

Chastre J, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: A randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2588-2598.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/290/19/2588

Cullen, M et al. Antibacterial prophylaxis after chemotherapy for solid tumors and lymphomas. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 988-998
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/10/988

De Gans J, van de Beek D. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1549-56.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/347/20/1549

Durack, DT, Lukes, AS, Bright, DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med 1994; 96: 200.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=IssueURL&...5c090a593539

Fagon, JY et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132: 621-30.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/132/8/621

Fine, MJ et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 243-50.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/336/4/243

Freedman, DO et al. The GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Spectrum of Disease and Relation to Place of Exposure among Ill Returned Travelers. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 119-130.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/354/2/119

Hasbun, R et al. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1727-33.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/345/24/1727

Herbrecht, R. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 408-15.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/347/6/408

Keane J., et al. Tuberculosis Associated with Infliximab, a Tumor Necrosis Factor .Neutralizing Agent. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1098-1104.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/345/15/1098

Mora-Duarte, J et al. Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 2020.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/347/25/2020

Mourad O, Palda V, Detsky AS. A comprehensive evidence-based approach to fever of unknown origin. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 545-51.
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/5/545

Naimi, TS et al. Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA 2003; 290: 2976-84.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/290/22/2976

Paul, M et al. Beta-lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2004; 328: 668
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7441/668

Singh, N et al. Short-course Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Patients with Pulmonary Infiltrates in the Intensive Care Unit. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 505-511.
http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/162/2/505

Small, PM and Chambers, HF. Vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990; 34: 1227-31.
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?to...edid=2393284 Sobel, JD et al. Candiduria: a randomized, double-blind study of treatment with fluconazole or placebo. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 19-24.
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/issue.../981539.html

Walsh, TJ et al. Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 225-234.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/346/4/225

Wood, E et a.. When to initiate antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected adults: a review for clinicians and patients. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5: 407-14.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473-...9(05)70162-6

Zimmerli W, Widmer AF, Blatter M, Frei R, Ochsner PE. Role of rifampin for treatment of orthopedic implant-related staphylococcal infections: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;279:1537-41.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/279/19/1537

Medicine Consult:

Syllabus Contents

1. Introductory Topics

Stephen M. Salerno, MD, MPH; Frank P. Hurst, MD; Stephanie Halvorson, MD; Donna L. Mercado, MD. Principles of Effective Consultation. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:271-275
Principles of Effective Consultation

A nice web site https://sfgh.ucsf.edu/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://www.jhcme.com/ with two free CME gen med consult modules: one on pre-op evaluation and one on prevention of VTE.

2. Cardiology Topics

Auerbach A, Goldman L. Assessing and Reducing the Cardiac Risk of Noncardiac Surgery. Circulation 2006; 113: 1361-1376
Assessing and Reducing Cardiac Risk

Mangano DT, Layug EL, Wallace A, Tateo I. Effect of Atenolol on Mortality and Cardiovascular Morbidity After Noncardiac Surgery. NEJM 1996;23(335):1713-1721
Mangano

McFalls E, Ward H, Moritz T, M.S., Goldman S, Krupski W, Littooy F, Pierpont G, Santilli S, Rapp J, Hattler B, Shunk K, Jaenicke C, Thottapurathu L, Ellis N, Reda D, Henderson W. Coronary-Artery Revascularization before Elective Major Vascular Surgery.NEJM 2004; vol. 351 no. 27:2795-2804
McFalls

Lindenauer P, Pekow P, Wang K, Mamidi D, Gutierrez B, Benjamin E. Perioperative Beta-Blocker Therapy and Mortality after Major Noncardiac Surgery.NEJM N Engl J Med 2005;353:349-61.
Periop beta blockes

Poldermans D, Boersma E, Bax J, Thomson I, Van de Ven L, Blandkenstejn J, Baars H, Yo T, Trocino G, Vigna C, Roelandt J, Urk H. EFFECT OF BISOPROLOL ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING VASCULAR SURGERY. JEJM 1999;341(24):1789-1794
Poldermans

Fleisher L, Beckman J, Brown K, MD, FACC, Calkins H, Elliott Chaikof , Fleischmann K, Freeman W, MD, Froehlich J, Kasper E, Kersten J, Barbara Riegel B, Robb J. ACC/AHA 2006 Guideline Update on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery:Focused Update on Perioperative Beta-Blocker Therapy.JACC Vol. 47, No. x, 2006 Month 2006:000-000:
AHA guideline BB

Berger P, Calkins H, Chaitman B, Ewy G, Fleischmann K, Fleisher L, Froehlich J, Gusberg R, Leppo J, Ryan T, Schlant R, MD, Winters W, Eagle M. ACC/AHA Guideline Update on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery. Eagle et al. 2002ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines
AGA guideline periop eval

The long awaited revision of the ACC periop guidelines for noncardiac surgery:
(J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:e159-241). See page e169 for the latest algorithm.

3. Pulmonary Topics

Amir Q, Snow V, Fitterman N, Hornbake E, Lawrence V, Smetana G, Weiss K, Owens D, Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:575-580.
ACP guideline preop pulmonary

Lawrence V, Cornell J, Smetana G, MD Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:596-608. www.annals.org
ACP Review pulm risk reduction

Smetana G, Lawrence V, Cornell J, Ph Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:581-595.
PCP review - pulm risk stratification


4. Anticoagulation Topics

Geerts W, Pineo G, Heit J, Bergqvist D, Lassen M, Colwell C, Ray J, Prevention of VenousThromboembolismThe Seventh ACCP Conference onAntithrombotic and Thrombolytic therapy CHEST 2004; 126:338S-400S
ACCP guideline on VTE proph

Dunn A, Alexander G, Turpie G. Perioperative Management of Patients Receiving Oral Antigoagulants. Arch Internal Med. 2003; 163: 901-908
Periop Anticoag - Aggressive

Kearon C, Hirsh J, Management of Anticoagulation Before and After Elective Surgery. NEJM 1997;May:1506-1511
Periop Anticoag - Conservative


5. Endocrine Topics

Khan N, Ghali W, Perioperative management of diabetes mellitus. Up To Date
Diabetes Managment in Surgical Patients

Welsh G, Manzullo E, Nieman L, Gail A The surgical patient taking glucocorticoids. Up To Date
Stress Dose Steroids


6. Miscellaneous Topics

Meagher D. Delirium: optimising management BMJ 2001;322;144-149 doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7279.144
Delirium Review

Wilson W, Taubert K, Gewitz M, Lockhart P, Baddour L, Levison M, Bolger A, Cabell C, Takahashi M, Baltimore R, Newburger J, Strom B, Tani, L, Gerber M, Bonow R, Pallasch T, Shulman S, Rowley A, Burns J, Ferrieri P, Gardner T, Goff D, Durack D. Circulation published online Apr 19, 2007; DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095
Endocarditis Prophylaxis

Morrison S, Siu A.Medical consultation for patients with hip fracture
Hip Fracture Review

Visala Muluk V, Macpherson D, Perioperative medication management http://www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=med_cons/9060&view=print
Periop Medication Management

Patel T. Surgery in the Patient with Liver Disease.Mayo Clinic Proc. 1999; 74:593-599
Surgery in Patient with Liver Disease

Nephrology:

Aspelin, P et al. Nephrotoxicity in High-Risk Patients Study of Iso-Osmolar and Low Osmolar Non-Ionic Contrast Media Study Investigators. Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 491-9.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/348/6/491.pdf

Barnett, AH et al. Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1952-61.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/351/19/1952.pdf

Birck, R et al. Acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast nephropathy: meta-analysis. Lancet 2003; 362: 598-603.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_ima...darticle.pdf

Brenner, BM et al. RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861-9.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/345/12/861.pdf

Friedrich, JO et al. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 510-24.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/142/7/510.pdf

Ginzler, EM et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2219-28.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/353/21/2219.pdf

Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1296-305.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/351/13/1296.pdf

Isles CG, Robertson S, Hill D. Management of renovascular disease: a review of renal artery stenting in ten studies. QJM. 1999; 92: 159-67.
http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/92/3/159

Levey, AS et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130: 461-70.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/130/6/461.pdf

Levey, AS, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 137-47.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/139/2/137.pdf

Merten, GJ et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 2328-34.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/291/19/2328

Parving, HH et al. Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870-8.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/345/12/870.pdf

Qunibi WY, et al. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: The Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE Study). Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 1914-26.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j...2004.00590.x

Schiffl H, Lang SM, Fischer R. Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 305-10.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/346/5/305.pdf

Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine:

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1301-1308.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/342/18/1301

Annane D et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288:862-71.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/7/862

Antonelli M, et al. A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:429-435.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/339/7/429

Bellomo, R et a. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 2000; 356: 2139-43.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673600034954

Brochard L, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:817-822.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/13/817

Decousus H, et al. A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:409-416.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/7/409

Esteban A, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for respiratory failure after extubation. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2452-2460.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/350/24/2452

Fine MJ, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:243-250.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/336/4/243

Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 549-56.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/346/8/549

Kearon C, et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:901-907.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/340/12/901

Konstantinides S, et al. Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1143-1150.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/347/15/1143

Maskell NA, et al. U.K. controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:865-874.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/9/865

National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume.reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2059-2073.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/348/21/2059

Niewoehner DE, et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1941-1947.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/340/25/1941

Niewoehner NE, et al. Prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with Tiotropium, a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2005;143: 317 . 326.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/143/5/317

Olschewski H, et al. Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:322-329.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/347/5/322

Perrier A, et al. Multidetector-row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1760-1768.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/17/1760

Peter, JV et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure--a meta-analysis update. Crit Care Med 2002;30(3):555-62.
http://www.ccmjournal.com/pt/re/ccm/abstract.00003...6145!9001!-1

Rathbun, SW et al. Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:227-232.
http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/132/3/227

Richard, C et al. Early use of the pulmonary artery catheter and outcomes in patients with shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2713-20
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/290/20/2713

Rivers, E et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1368-77.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/345/19/1368

Sandham, JD et al. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 5-14.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/1/5

Simonneau G et. Al . A Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin with Unfractionated Heparin for Acute Pulmonary Embolism. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 663-669.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/337/10/663

Van den Berghe, G et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-67.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/345/19/1359

Wenzel, V. et al. A Comparison of Vasopressin and Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 105-113.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/350/2/105

Rheumatology:

Alarcon, GS et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. VII [correction of VIII]. Predictors of early mortality in the LUMINA cohort. LUMINA Study Group. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45: 191-202.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...577/ABSTRACT

Bathon, JM et al. A Comparison of Etanercept and Methotrexate in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1586-1593.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/343/22/1586

Becker, MA et al. Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2450-61.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/23/2450

Bombardier, C et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1520-8.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/343/21/1520

Cervera, R et al. Euro-Phospholipid Project Group. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1019-27.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...033/ABSTRACT

Chan, TM et al. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong Kong-Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1156-62.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/343/16/1156

Erkan, D et al. High thrombosis rate after fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome: effective prophylaxis with aspirin. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 1466-7.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...212/ABSTRACT

Genovese, MC et al. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 1114-23.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/11/1114

Ginzler, EM et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2219-28.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/21/2219

Gorman JD, Sack KE, Davis JC Jr. Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1349-56.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/346/18/1349

Lipsky, PE et al. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1594-602.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/343/22/1594

Petri, MA et al. Effects of prasterone on corticosteroid requirements of women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1820-9.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...800/ABSTRACT

Petri, MA et al. OC-SELENA Trial. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2550-8.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/24/2550

Pincus, T et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial of diclofenac plus misoprostol versus acetaminophen in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 1587-98.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltex...74/HTMLSTART

Raynauld, JP et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term intra-articular steroid injections in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 370-7.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...Y=1&SRETRY=0

The Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group. Etanercept plus Standard Therapy for Wegener's Granulomatosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:351-361.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/352/4/351

Weinblatt, ME et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 35-45.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...884/ABSTRACT

Wolfe, F et al. Predicting mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003 Jun; 48:1530-42.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstrac...475/ABSTRACT